印度農(nóng)民蘇芒特·庫(kù)馬爾的實(shí)踐有力地說明，未來農(nóng)業(yè)的出路在于生態(tài)化，即保持作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育良好的環(huán)境條件，告別有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)入侵，培育地力，增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量，并恢復(fù)土壤生物多樣性，在種植方式上盡大可能地利用水熱光資源，獲得最高的總光合產(chǎn)量。印度農(nóng)民成功了，他們沒有所謂轉(zhuǎn)基因高級(jí)技術(shù)，而是借助于傳統(tǒng)的無環(huán)境公害的生態(tài)種植技術(shù)。該成功實(shí)驗(yàn)也向中國(guó)的廣大育種專家傳遞了這樣一個(gè)重要信息，就是要培育自己能夠留種的作物品種，從而在種子源頭擺脫受人控制局面，而對(duì)于土地的呵護(hù)，農(nóng)民們知道怎么做的，在養(yǎng)地方面農(nóng)民會(huì)首選農(nóng)家肥。用地養(yǎng)地，將糧食增產(chǎn)的潛力蘊(yùn)藏在耕地里，其前景的是光明的，它可科學(xué)解決產(chǎn)量提高與質(zhì)量下降的矛盾問題。筆者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的課題小組，在2畝實(shí)驗(yàn)田里，告別化肥、農(nóng)藥、農(nóng)膜、除草劑，完全不用轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)，實(shí)驗(yàn)6年來，小麥玉米近3年來周年產(chǎn)量已達(dá)到15.02噸/公頃了。我們將繼續(xù)努力，爭(zhēng)取達(dá)到20噸/公頃。從理論上看，這個(gè)產(chǎn)量提升空間還是很大的。

　　英國(guó)衛(wèi)報(bào)：印度的水稻革命（附評(píng)論）龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.ltaaa.com

　　India's rice revolution

　　印度的水稻革命

　　In a village in India's poorest state, Bihar, farmers are growing world record amounts of rice – with no GM, and no herbicide. Is this one solution to world food shortages?

　　在印度最貧困的比哈爾邦的一個(gè)村莊里，稻農(nóng)們?cè)诓皇褂贸輨┎皇褂棉D(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)的前提下創(chuàng)造了水稻單產(chǎn)世界新紀(jì)錄。這會(huì)是解決世界糧食短缺問題的新途徑么?

　　John Vidal in Bihar, India

　　The Observer, Saturday 16 February 2013 21.00 GMT

　　原文鏈接：http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/feb/16/india-rice-farmers-revolution

　　Sumant Kumar was overjoyed when he harvested his rice last year. There had been good rains in his village of Darveshpura in north-east India and he knew he could improve on the four or five tonnes per hectare that he usually managed. But every stalk he cut on his paddy field near the bank of the Sakri river seemed to weigh heavier than usual, every grain of rice was bigger and when his crop was weighed on the old village scales, even Kumar was shocked.

　　稻農(nóng)蘇芒特·庫(kù)馬爾去年喜獲豐收。在過去的一年里他的家鄉(xiāng)，印度東北部村莊達(dá)維施普拉風(fēng)調(diào)雨順，因此他估計(jì)每公頃稻田可比常年多收獲4-5噸稻谷。但在收割時(shí)庫(kù)馬爾發(fā)覺種植在薩克里河岸附近稻田中的每一株稻穗每一粒稻谷都顯得格外飽滿，而當(dāng)他把收割來的稻谷運(yùn)回村內(nèi)過磅時(shí)，就連庫(kù)馬爾自己都震驚了。

　　This was not six or even 10 or 20 tonnes. Kumar, a shy young farmer in Nalanda district of India's poorest state Bihar, had – using only farmyard manure and without any herbicides – grown an astonishing 22.4 tonnes of rice on one hectare of land. This was a world record and with rice the staple food of more than half the world's population of seven billion, big news.

　　地磅顯示的數(shù)字不是6噸不是10噸也不是20噸。庫(kù)馬爾，這個(gè)來自印度最貧困省份比哈爾邦那爛陀地區(qū)的羞澀小伙兒，在不用任何除草劑只使用農(nóng)家肥的前提下，創(chuàng)造了稻谷每公頃單產(chǎn)22.4噸的驚人記錄。這一數(shù)據(jù)打破了世界紀(jì)錄，要知道全世界70億人口中有超過一半以大米為主食，這絕對(duì)是個(gè)大新聞。

　　It beat not just the 19.4 tonnes achieved by the "father of rice", the Chinese agricultural scientist Yuan Longping, but the World Bank-funded scientists at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, and anything achieved by the biggest European and American seed and GM companies. And it was not just Sumant Kumar. Krishna, Nitish, Sanjay and Bijay, his friends and rivals in Darveshpura, all recorded over 17 tonnes, and many others in the villages around claimed to have more than doubled their usual yields.

　　庫(kù)馬爾不僅打破了由“雜交水稻之父”中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)家袁隆平所創(chuàng)造的單產(chǎn)19.4噸的前世界紀(jì)錄，還橫掃了由世界銀行資助的國(guó)際水稻研究所科學(xué)家們?cè)诜坡少e的試驗(yàn)成果，就連那些歐美轉(zhuǎn)基因制種巨頭的高科技產(chǎn)品也得甘拜下風(fēng)。而且，除了蘇芒特·庫(kù)馬爾，尼提什，桑賈伊以及拜賈伊等達(dá)維施普拉其他村民種植的稻田每公頃單產(chǎn)均超過了17噸，周邊村莊也表示去年收成比往年翻了一番多。

　　The villagers, at the mercy of erratic weather and used to going without food in bad years, celebrated. But the Bihar state agricultural universities didn't believe them at first, while India's leading rice scientists muttered about freak results. The Nalanda farmers were accused of cheating. Only when the state's head of agriculture, a rice farmer himself, came to the village with his own men and personally verified Sumant's crop, was the record confirmed.

　　達(dá)維施普拉的村民們世代靠天吃飯，如果遇到災(zāi)年就只能祈禱自己不被餓死了。因而比哈爾農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)的學(xué)者們起初并不相信這個(gè)消息，印度的水稻專家們常常被各地放衛(wèi)星般的消息弄得焦頭爛額。這些那爛陀稻農(nóng)被懷疑在欺騙公眾。直到同為稻農(nóng)出身的當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)廳長(zhǎng)親自帶隊(duì)前往達(dá)維施普拉村考察蘇芒特的收成，這項(xiàng)新記錄才最終得到證實(shí)。

　　The rhythm of Nalanda village life was shattered. Here bullocks still pull ploughs as they have always done, their dung is still dried on the walls of houses and used to cook food. Electricity has still not reached most people. Sumant became a local hero, mentioned in the Indian parliament and asked to attend conferences. The state's chief minister came to Darveshpura to congratulate him, and the village was rewarded with electric power, a bank and a new concrete bridge.

　　那爛陀鄉(xiāng)村生活的節(jié)奏是令人身心俱疲的。牛耕依然在這里占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位，牛糞被拿來糊墻，還能用來生火做飯。大多數(shù)村莊尚未通電。蘇芒特成了當(dāng)?shù)赜⑿郏踔帘惶崦尤胗《葒?guó)會(huì)。比哈爾邦長(zhǎng)官前往達(dá)維施普拉向其表示祝賀，村里也因此通電了，此外還還建了一家銀行與一座混凝土橋。

　　That might have been the end of the story had Sumant's friend Nitish not smashed the world record for growing potatoes six months later. Shortly after Ravindra Kumar, a small farmer from a nearby Bihari village, broke the Indian record for growing wheat. Darveshpura became known as India's "miracle village", Nalanda became famous and teams of scientists, development groups, farmers, civil servants and politicians all descended to discover its secret.

　　這本該是故事的結(jié)尾了，但六個(gè)月后蘇芒特的朋友尼提什又打破了馬鈴薯單產(chǎn)的世界紀(jì)錄。而在此前不久，鄰村的一個(gè)小農(nóng)場(chǎng)主萊文德拉·庫(kù)馬爾也打破了印度小麥單產(chǎn)紀(jì)錄。達(dá)維施普拉成為了印度的“奇跡村”，那爛陀也因此家喻戶曉，科學(xué)家、開發(fā)商、農(nóng)戶、公務(wù)員以及政客紛紛組團(tuán)前來一探究竟。

　　When I meet the young farmers, all in their early 30s, they still seem slightly dazed by their fame. They've become unlikely heroes in a state where nearly half the families live below the Indian poverty line and 93% of the 100 million population depend on growing rice and potatoes. Nitish Kumar speaks quietly of his success and says he is determined to improve on the record. "In previous years, farming has not been very profitable," he says. "Now I realise that it can be. My whole life has changed. I can send my children to school and spend more on health. My income has increased a lot."

　　當(dāng)我見到這些三十歲出頭村民時(shí)，他們似乎還對(duì)自己的知名度有些不適應(yīng)。他們不可思議地成為了國(guó)家的英雄，而村里有近一半的家庭仍掙扎在印度國(guó)家貧困線以下，該邦1億人口中有93%水稻與土豆種植為生。尼提什·庫(kù)馬爾低調(diào)地看待自己所取得的成就，并表示他將努力繼續(xù)改寫紀(jì)錄。“前幾年，務(wù)農(nóng)是個(gè)不賺錢的行業(yè)，”尼提什說。“現(xiàn)在我意識(shí)到它的前景其實(shí)相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)，我的人生也因此而改變。現(xiàn)在我孩子上學(xué)的錢終于有著落了，我也有錢去看病了，因?yàn)槲矣绣X了。”

　　What happened in Darveshpura has divided scientists and is exciting governments and development experts. Tests on the soil show it is particularly rich in silicon but the reason for the "super yields" is entirely down to a method of growing crops called System of Root Intensification (SRI). It has dramatically increased yields with wheat, potatoes, sugar cane, yams, tomatoes, garlic, aubergine and many other crops and is being hailed as one of the most significant developments of the past 50 years for the world's 500 million small-scale farmers and the two billion people who depend on them.

　　達(dá)維施普拉奇跡令科學(xué)界陷入爭(zhēng)執(zhí)，卻給政府與開發(fā)商打了一針雞血。檢測(cè)表明當(dāng)?shù)赝寥乐懈缓柙兀?ldquo;超級(jí)豐收”的真正原因應(yīng)歸功于一種耕作方法：作物根系強(qiáng)化法(SRI)。這種方法能夠顯著提高小麥，馬鈴薯，甘蔗，山藥，番茄，打算，茄子以及其他許多作物的產(chǎn)量，而且被譽(yù)為過去50年間最偉大的科技進(jìn)步之一，全世界約有5億家小規(guī)模農(nóng)戶超過20億人受益其中。

　　Instead of planting three-week-old rice seedlings in clumps of three or four in waterlogged fields, as rice farmers around the world traditionally do, the Darveshpura farmers carefully nurture only half as many seeds, and then transplant the young plants into fields, one by one, when much younger. Additionally, they space them at 25cm intervals in a grid pattern, keep the soil much drier and carefully weed around the plants to allow air to their roots. The premise that "less is more" was taught by Rajiv Kumar, a young Bihar state government extension worker who had been trained in turn by Anil Verma of Professional Assistance for Development Action, an Indian NGO which has introduced the SRI method to hundreds of villages in the past three years.

　　不像世界上其他稻農(nóng)的傳統(tǒng)做法那樣將3周齡的稻秧三四棵一簇插在水田中，達(dá)維施普拉稻農(nóng)們精心培育每一棵稻秧，并在稻秧萌發(fā)后不久便一棵棵地移植到旱田中，這樣便將用種量減少了一半。此外，稻秧在旱田中呈網(wǎng)格狀排布，每棵稻秧間間隔均為25厘米，保持土壤干燥，仔細(xì)剔除周邊雜草以保證根部呼吸順暢。這種事半功倍的方法是一位年輕的比哈爾邦政府農(nóng)村推廣員拉吉夫·庫(kù)馬爾教給當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)戶的，拉吉夫曾參加過印度非政府組織阿尼爾·沃瑪專業(yè)援助發(fā)展行動(dòng)所舉辦的輪訓(xùn)活動(dòng)，該組織在過去的三年間將SRI成功推廣到了上百個(gè)村莊中。

　　While the "green revolution" that averted Indian famine in the 1970s relied on improved crop varieties, expensive pesticides and chemical fertilisers, SRI appears to offer a long-term, sustainable future for no extra cost. With more than one in seven of the global population going hungry and demand for rice expected to outstrip supply within 20 years, it appears to offer real hope. Even a 30% increase in the yields of the world's small farmers would go a long way to alleviating poverty.

　　上世紀(jì)七十年代的“綠色革命”通過改良作物品種，使用昂貴的殺蟲劑以及化肥使得印度暫時(shí)遠(yuǎn)離饑荒之苦，而SRI似乎為印度提供了一個(gè)無附加成本的長(zhǎng)期可持續(xù)發(fā)展未來。有預(yù)計(jì)稱未來20年內(nèi)世界大米產(chǎn)量將無法滿足人類需求，屆時(shí)全球?qū)⒂谐^七分之一的人口面臨糧食危機(jī)，而SRI或許正是解決這個(gè)問題的有效途徑。即便只是將單產(chǎn)提高30%，全世界的眾多小農(nóng)戶也會(huì)因此擺脫貧困威脅。

　　"Farmers use less seeds, less water and less chemicals but they get more without having to invest more. This is revolutionary," said Dr Surendra Chaurassa from Bihar's agriculture ministry. "I did not believe it to start with, but now I think it can potentially change the way everyone farms. I would want every state to promote it. If we get 30-40% increase in yields, that is more than enough to recommend it."

　　“農(nóng)戶使用的種子少了，水少了，需要購(gòu)買的化學(xué)品也少了，但投入降低的同時(shí)收成卻上來了。這是革命性的進(jìn)步，”比哈爾邦農(nóng)業(yè)廳的蘇倫德拉·朝拉薩博士說道。“我起初并不相信SRI，但現(xiàn)在我認(rèn)為這種方法能夠提高每一個(gè)農(nóng)戶的收入。我希望這種方法能夠在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)推廣。如果一種方法能夠?qū)萎a(chǎn)提高30-40%，那么它就絕對(duì)值得推廣。”

　　The results in Bihar have exceeded Chaurassa's hopes. Sudama Mahto, an agriculture officer in Nalanda, says a small investment in training a few hundred people to teach SRI methods has resulted in a 45% increase in the region's yields. Veerapandi Arumugam, the former agriculture minister of Tamil Nadu state, hailed the system as "revolutionising" farming.

　　而SRI在比哈爾邦的收效甚至超過了朝拉薩的預(yù)期。那爛陀農(nóng)業(yè)官員蘇達(dá)瑪·馬托表示只要地方政府花點(diǎn)兒錢辦一個(gè)幾百人的SRI培訓(xùn)班，該地區(qū)的糧食產(chǎn)量就可提高45%。泰米爾納德邦前農(nóng)業(yè)廳長(zhǎng)維拉潘迪·阿魯姆甘則認(rèn)為這種耕作方法“徹底改變”了農(nóng)業(yè)的面貌。

　　SRI's origins go back to the 1980s in Madagascar where Henri de Laulanie, a French Jesuit priest and agronomist, observed how villagers grew rice in the uplands. He developed the method but it was an American, professor Norman Uphoff, director of the International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development at Cornell University, who was largely responsible for spreading the word about De Laulanie's work.

　　上世紀(jì)八十年代法國(guó)耶穌會(huì)士兼農(nóng)學(xué)家亨利·德·勞拉捏受馬達(dá)加斯加農(nóng)民在高地種植水稻的啟發(fā)創(chuàng)造了SRI。方法是他發(fā)明的，但SRI的宣傳推廣工作則是由康奈爾大學(xué)食品、農(nóng)業(yè)與發(fā)展國(guó)際研究所主任美國(guó)人諾曼·烏普霍夫教授完成的。

　　Given 15m dollars by an anonymous billionaire to research sustainable development, Uphoff went to Madagascar in 1983 and saw the success of SRI for himself: farmers whose previous yields averaged two tonnes per hectare were harvesting eight tonnes. In 1997 he started to actively promote SRI in Asia, where more than 600 million people are malnourished.

　　懷揣著一位匿名富豪捐獻(xiàn)給可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究的1500萬美元經(jīng)費(fèi)，烏普霍夫于1983年來到馬達(dá)加斯加親自檢驗(yàn)SRI的可行性，結(jié)果大獲成功：使用SRI，農(nóng)戶每公頃單產(chǎn)可由原先的2噸飆升到8噸。1997年他開始在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良人群規(guī)模超過6億的亞洲積極推廣SRI。

　　"It is a set of ideas, the absolute opposite to the first green revolution [of the 60s] which said that you had to change the genes and the soil nutrients to improve yields. That came at a tremendous ecological cost," says Uphoff. "Agriculture in the 21st century must be practised differently. Land and water resources are becoming scarcer, of poorer quality, or less reliable. Climatic conditions are in many places more adverse. SRI offers millions of disadvantaged households far better opportunities. Nobody is benefiting from this except the farmers; there are no patents, royalties or licensing fees."

　　“SRI是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)性的方法，這與六十年代旨在通過改變作物基因與土壤養(yǎng)分提高產(chǎn)量的第一次綠色革命恰好相反。人們已為第一次綠色革命投入了巨大的生態(tài)成本，”烏普霍夫說道。“21世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)必須另辟蹊徑。土地與水資源日益匱乏，品質(zhì)也在逐年下降。全球氣候變化也使得許多地方不再適用于原先的耕作模式。但SRI為數(shù)以百萬計(jì)的貧困家庭帶來了福音。由于沒有專利保護(hù)，版稅以及使用許可費(fèi)，農(nóng)戶不必付出任何額外代價(jià)，只會(huì)從中獲益。”

　　For 40 years now, says Uphoff, science has been obsessed with improving seeds and using artificial fertilisers: "It's been genes, genes, genes. There has never been talk of managing crops. Corporations say 'we will breed you a better plant' and breeders work hard to get 5-10% increase in yields. We have tried to make agriculture an industrial enterprise and have forgotten its biological roots."

　　烏普霍夫認(rèn)為近四十年來科學(xué)界一直癡迷于改良種子品質(zhì)與使用人造化肥：“總是基因、基因、基因。就從沒考慮過是否應(yīng)該改變作物的耕作模式。種子公司總是在宣傳良種的重要性，而育種工作者們費(fèi)了九牛二虎之力也僅僅將單產(chǎn)提高了5-10%而已。我們總是試圖將農(nóng)業(yè)工業(yè)化，而忘記了農(nóng)作物本質(zhì)上其實(shí)是生物。”

　　Not everyone agrees. Some scientists complain there is not enough peer-reviewed evidence around SRI and that it is impossible to get such returns. "SRI is a set of management practices and nothing else, many of which have been known for a long time and are best recommended practice," says Achim Dobermann, deputy director for research at the International Rice Research Institute. "Scientifically speaking I don't believe there is any miracle. When people independently have evaluated SRI principles then the result has usually been quite different from what has been reported on farm evaluations conducted by NGOs and others who are promoting it. Most scientists have had difficulty replicating the observations."

　　也并非每個(gè)人都認(rèn)同SRI。有些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為SRI的同行評(píng)審證據(jù)不足，甚至直接宣稱耕作方法的改變不可能獲得如此高的回報(bào)率。“SRI僅僅是一系列耕作管理措施而已，其中有些部分經(jīng)長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐證明是耕作時(shí)的最佳選擇，”國(guó)際水稻研究所科研副主任阿希姆·杜伯曼表示。“科學(xué)地講我不相信奇跡。SRI使用效果的隨機(jī)性極強(qiáng)，各個(gè)SRI使用個(gè)例(如支持SRI的非官方組織)所進(jìn)行的大田試驗(yàn)結(jié)果間往往大相徑庭。而且試驗(yàn)的重復(fù)性極差，基本上屬于無法重復(fù)。”

　　Dominic Glover, a British researcher working with Wageningen University in the Netherlands, has spent years analysing the introduction of GM crops in developing countries. He is now following how SRI is being adopted in India and believes there has been a "turf war".

　　目前任職于荷蘭瓦赫寧根大學(xué)的英國(guó)研究員多米尼克·格羅夫多年來長(zhǎng)期關(guān)注發(fā)展中國(guó)家的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物引入情況。他表示SRI在印度的推廣會(huì)導(dǎo)致一場(chǎng)“地盤爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn)”。

　　"There are experts in their fields defending their knowledge," he says. "But in many areas, growers have tried SRI methods and abandoned them. People are unwilling to investigate this. SRI is good for small farmers who rely on their own families for labour, but not necessarily for larger operations. Rather than any magical theory, it is good husbandry, skill and attention which results in the super yields. Clearly in certain circumstances, it is an efficient resource for farmers. But it is labour intensive and nobody has come up with the technology to transplant single seedlings yet."

　　“學(xué)者有捍衛(wèi)自己學(xué)說的權(quán)力，”他說道。“在許多地區(qū)，農(nóng)民嘗試過SRI但隨即不再使用。人們總是選擇性的無視對(duì)自己不利的事物。SRI對(duì)于自食其力的小農(nóng)戶而言很有幫助，但對(duì)于大企業(yè)而言就沒什么用處了。它并不是什么魔法，只是告訴我們良好的耕作方法，熟練的技術(shù)以及專注耐心會(huì)帶來好收成。顯然在某些情況下，SRI對(duì)于農(nóng)戶而言行之有效。然而它只適用于勞動(dòng)密集型農(nóng)業(yè)，目前還沒有什么能夠應(yīng)用于單苗移植的農(nóng)機(jī)。”

　　But some larger farmers in Bihar say it is not labour intensive and can actually reduce time spent in fields. "When a farmer does SRI the first time, yes it is more labour intensive," says Santosh Kumar, who grows 15 hectares of rice and vegetables in Nalanda. "Then it gets easier and new innovations are taking place now."

　　但比哈爾邦一些較大規(guī)模的農(nóng)戶表示SRI并非勞動(dòng)密集型農(nóng)業(yè)，事實(shí)上它還可以有效降低勞作時(shí)間。“對(duì)于第一次采用SRI的農(nóng)戶而言它的確是勞動(dòng)密集型的，”在那爛陀擁有15公頃稻田與菜園的桑托什·庫(kù)馬爾說道。“但熟能生巧，而且方法還在不斷改良創(chuàng)新中。”

　　In its early days, SRI was dismissed or vilified by donors and scientists but in the past few years it has gained credibility. Uphoff estimates there are now 4-5 million farmers using SRI worldwide, with governments in China, India, Indonesia, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam promoting it.

　　在SRI剛被開發(fā)出的那段歲月里，這種方法飽受贊助商與科學(xué)家的無視與詆毀，但近年來，SRI已經(jīng)為自己贏得了一定的可信度。烏普霍夫估計(jì)全世界使用SRI的農(nóng)民約有400-500萬，而中國(guó)、印度、印尼、柬埔寨、斯里蘭卡與越南政府也正在大力推廣這種方法。

　　Sumant, Nitish and as many as 100,000 other SRI farmers in Bihar are now preparing their next rice crop. It's back-breaking work transplanting the young rice shoots from the nursery beds to the paddy fields but buoyed by recognition and results, their confidence and optimism in the future is sky high.

　　蘇芒特，尼提什以及巴哈爾邦其他10萬名SRI使用者已經(jīng)開始為下一季水稻而忙碌了。將幼苗從苗圃床移植到稻田是一個(gè)艱巨的工作，但相較于收獲這一切都是值得的，他們對(duì)于未來的生活充滿信心。

　　Last month Nobel prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz visited Nalanda district and recognised the potential of this kind of organic farming, telling the villagers they were "better than scientists". "It was amazing to see their success in organic farming," said Stiglitz, who called for more research. "Agriculture scientists from across the world should visit and learn and be inspired by them."

　　上個(gè)月諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主約瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨參觀了那爛陀地區(qū)并認(rèn)可了這種有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ麑⑦@些村民稱為“比科學(xué)家還了不起的人”并呼吁他們?cè)俳釉賲枴?ldquo;我很欣喜的看到他們?cè)谟袡C(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)上所取得的巨大成就，”斯蒂格利茨說，“世界各地的農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)家都應(yīng)該來這里參觀學(xué)習(xí)，他們一定會(huì)深受啟發(fā)。”

　　Bihar, from being India's poorest state, is now at the centre of what is being called a "new green grassroots revolution" with farming villages, research groups and NGOs all beginning to experiment with different crops using SRI. The state will invest 50m dollars in SRI next year but western governments and foundations are holding back, preferring to invest in hi-tech research. The agronomist Anil Verma does not understand why: "The farmers know SRI works, but help is needed to train them. We know it works differently in different soils but the principles are solid. The biggest problem we have is that people want to do it but we do not have enough trainers."

　　比哈爾邦，從印度最貧困的省份一躍成為由積極倡導(dǎo)在各種農(nóng)作物種植中使用SRI的村民，研究團(tuán)隊(duì)以及非政府組織發(fā)起的“新綠色草根革命”的圣地。當(dāng)?shù)卣?jì)劃在明年斥資5000萬美元鼓勵(lì)SRI研究，但西方政府與基金會(huì)對(duì)此興趣不大，他們更傾向?yàn)楦咝录夹g(shù)投資。農(nóng)學(xué)家阿尼爾·沃瑪對(duì)此表示不解：“農(nóng)民知道SRI有用，但眼下最迫切的是教會(huì)他們?nèi)绾问褂眠@種方法。我們清楚在不同的土壤中SRI效果也有所不同，但原理是不變的。因此我們最大的問題是人們想要應(yīng)用SRI，但缺乏傳播方法的教員。”

　　"If any scientist or a company came up with a technology that almost guaranteed a 50% increase in yields at no extra cost they would get a Nobel prize. But when young Biharian farmers do that they get nothing. I only want to see the poor farmers have enough to eat."

　　“如果有哪個(gè)科學(xué)家或是公司能夠開發(fā)出一種技術(shù)，在不添加額外成本的基礎(chǔ)上將作物單產(chǎn)量提高50%，他一定會(huì)得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。但這如果是一個(gè)年輕的比哈爾邦農(nóng)民做到的他卻什么也得不到。我只有希望這些貧窮的農(nóng)民們能填飽肚子了。”

　　評(píng)論

　　Tasselhoff

　　16 February 2013 9:32pm

　　Recommend 240

　　I hope this gets as widely publicised to counteract the multinational attempts to control food supply.

　　我希望媒體能夠大力宣傳此事，好好打擊一下某些跨國(guó)公司掌控世界糧食供應(yīng)的念想。

　　Heretica

　　16 February 2013 11:26pm

　　Recommend 68

　　Bet the (usual suspect) agricorps try to sabotage, whether via contamination or bought/brainwashed politicians.

　　這些糧食巨頭沒干過什么好事，從污染環(huán)境到收買政客無惡不作。

　　antipodean1

　　17 February 2013 9:20pm

　　Recommend 2

　　Yes its a great story, and the essence of it has been widely known for years. However theres no money in it for big business, it cant be patented and it shows up the vast majority of agricultural education and research to have been wrongly directed for many years.

　　Thats a tough message to get out..

　　這的確是個(gè)振奮人心的消息，SRI的原理早已被公眾所熟知。然而你沒有資本就無力組建大企業(yè)與世界商品糧巨頭們抗衡，專利遲遲審批不下來也說明我們的農(nóng)業(yè)教育與研究的大方向早就出問題了。

　　因此這對(duì)于農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)界而言其實(shí)是個(gè)相當(dāng)尷尬的消息。

　　Fwoggie

　　16 February 2013 9:33pm

　　Recommend 130

　　Good luck to them all, I hope they make enough money to access healthcare as well as to send their children all the way through school.

　　祝他們好運(yùn)，希望SRI能讓他們賺到用來看病的錢以及用來教育下一代的錢。

　　shundarnagin

　　16 February 2013 9:35pm

　　Recommend 139

　　Thank you for this article.

　　A very important point in my view regardless whether you farm organically or not. I really hope SRI is a a success. You often hear very negative views regarding Bihar so postive news is excellent.

　　感謝這篇文章的作者。

　　發(fā)展有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)與推廣SRI其實(shí)完全是兩回事。我真心希望SRI能夠成功推廣到世界各地。當(dāng)你耳邊充斥著各種負(fù)面新聞時(shí)，比哈爾邦傳來的喜訊猶如一聲春雷啊。

　　Jellybaby1

　　16 February 2013 9:36pm

　　Recommend 12

　　Too early to say.

　　Let India feed its starving population first and then see whether this could be a solution.

　　現(xiàn)在就蓋棺定論為時(shí)尚早吧。

　　還是先看看這個(gè)SRI能不能先把印度世界第一饑餓大國(guó)的帽子摘掉吧。

　　Otto Indiana Taylor-Rickard

　　16 February 2013 9:39pm

　　Recommend 84

　　Is this.. good global news? I feel something strange inside of me

　　這難道是個(gè)好消息?忽然感到心里有些不爽啊。

　　salaampeace

　　16 February 2013 9:39pm

　　Recommend 125

　　1] A good news story.

　　2] Western governments should stop tying to sell unecessary technology to poorer governments.

　　1]是個(gè)好消息。

　　2]西方政府應(yīng)該立即停止向貧窮落后國(guó)家推銷雞肋技術(shù)的無恥行為。

　　Kepler

　　16 February 2013 9:51pm

　　Recommend 121

　　Last week we had Robin McKie writing a free advertisement for GM technology.

　　This week it turns out that GM is unnecessary, and that the world's farmers get better results by co-operating with nature, rather than trying to subjugate it.

　　One is struck by this comment "In its early days, SRI was dismissed or vilified by scientists."

　　One waits - no doubt in vain - for the GM apologists to own up that they are just stooges for Monsanto and the like.

　　Great article, thanks.

　　上周我們給羅賓·麥基的轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)公司做了一則免費(fèi)廣告。

　　而本周我意識(shí)到轉(zhuǎn)基因其實(shí)并不像宣傳的那么重要，去世界的農(nóng)民應(yīng)當(dāng)去學(xué)著與大自然更好的合作，而不是試圖征服它。

　　文中有一句話深深地震撼了我：“在SRI剛被開發(fā)出的那段歲月里，這種方法飽受贊助商與科學(xué)家的無視與詆毀。”

　　想要讓轉(zhuǎn)基因論者們承認(rèn)SRI的可行性?還是洗洗睡了吧，他們就是一群孟山都的傀儡而已。

　　很棒的文章，謝謝作者!

　　theoriginaljones

　　16 February 2013 9:57pm

　　Recommend 11

　　This is in spite of climate change? Or because of it?

　　SRI的效果受不受氣候變化的影響呢?

　　amrit

　　16 February 2013 10:24pm

　　Recommend 9

　　Two points:

　　If they only want to plant one shoot then why not plant one seed directly into ground using some kind of machine that drop only one grain of rice. If there are more than one plant then up root them keeping only one.

　　Recently state of panjab has come up with some kind of agreement with company Monsanto. Many people are upset about it. People in panjab knows about the background of this company however it has been promoted by a young politician who studied in usa.

　　我就提兩點(diǎn)：

　　如果他們想要一棵一棵的種稻秧，那何不發(fā)明一種機(jī)器代替人工作業(yè)直接把稻種撒到地里去呢?如果不小心種多了，拔掉多余的不就成了?

　　最近旁遮普地區(qū)與孟山都公司簽訂了幾項(xiàng)合作協(xié)議。許多人對(duì)此深表擔(dān)憂。旁遮普人也了解這家公司的背景，奈何這個(gè)地區(qū)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人是一個(gè)從美國(guó)留學(xué)回來的菜鳥政客呢。

　　http://www.ltaaa.com/bbs/thread-142446-1-1.html

× 烏有之鄉(xiāng) WYZXWK.COM

您的打賞將用于網(wǎng)站日常運(yùn)行與維護(hù)。
幫助我們辦好網(wǎng)站，宣傳紅色文化！

歡迎掃描下方二維碼，訂閱烏有之鄉(xiāng)網(wǎng)刊微信公眾號(hào)