法國研究人員2012年在《食品和化學毒物學》雜志上發表轉基因玉米致癌論文，已成為部分人士反對轉基因食品的重要證據。但雜志出版方愛思唯爾公司28日在美國宣布，由于進一步分析顯示論文數據不足以支持其結論，因此決定撤除這篇論文。

　　愛思唯爾公司在聲明中說，《食品和化學毒物學》雜志對所發表的論文及論文所報告的數據進行了徹底的、長時間的分析，對論文發表的同行評議過程也進行了調查，“沒有發現欺詐或對數據有意曲解的證據”，然而，“有理由擔憂”論文所提及實驗中研究人員使用的實驗大鼠數量和類型。

　　聲明說：“對原始數據的深入調查表明，用如此小規模的樣本數據無法得出明確結論”、“考慮到(實驗中所用的)斯普拉格-道利大鼠的已知腫瘤高發生率，喂食轉基因玉米組所觀察到的更高的死亡率及腫瘤發生率的原因不能排除是正常變化”。

　　聲明說，歸根結底，論文的結果“盡管無不妥之處”，但是“沒有說服力”，因此這篇論文達不到《食品和化學毒物學》的出版要求。

　　聲明還說，這篇論文發表后編輯部收到多封來信，對論文描述結果的有效性、實驗動物的合理使用表達關切，有些來信甚至稱其中存在欺詐，多數來信呼吁撤回這篇論文。這些來信以及支持這篇論文的來信，都已和作者的回應一并發表。

　　英國《自然》雜志網站說，這一撤稿舉動并不令人意外，《食品和化學毒物學》雜志主編本月初曾要求作者主動撤回論文，并表示如果作者拒絕，雜志方也將予以撤稿。報道還說，論文作者把撤稿形容為“丑聞”，并聲稱，這是因為雜志任命的一名編委此前曾在轉基因農業巨頭孟山都公司工作過7年。

　　2012年，《食品和化學毒物學》雜志刊登了法國卡昂大學分子生物學家塞拉利尼等人的一份研究報告。該報告稱，將100只雄性和100只雌性大鼠分成10組，分別喂食孟山都公司的NK603轉基因玉米及其他食物，兩年后發現，喂食轉基因玉米的實驗大鼠出現腫瘤的風險高、壽命短。

　　這一結論在全球引起風波。法國國家衛生安全署、生物技術最高委員會和歐洲食品安全局均對塞拉利尼等人的研究展開調查，結果均認為，該研究存在諸多不足，不能作為評估轉基因玉米健康風險的有效依據。

　　【下面是塞拉利尼團隊聲明中英對照本。2013-11-28。引用自顧秀林博客】

　　我們是FCT一年多前發表的論文的作者，關于農達和耐受農達的轉基因生物的事（塞拉利尼等2012）。對于同樣的質疑，我們已經在同一個刊物上回應過（塞拉利尼等，2013），即：作為正常的科學辯論，僅僅由于實驗鼠品系的選擇和數量的原因，就判定研究結果“結論不完整”，這是不能接受的。我們堅持我們的結論。我們早已公布了對相同的質疑所做的回答，但至今沒有見到對我們的任何回應（塞拉利尼等，2013）。

　　We, authors of the paper published in FCT more than one year ago on the effects of Roundup and a Roundup-tolerant GMO (Séralini et al., 2012), and having answered to critics in the same journal (Séralini et al., 2013), do not accept as scientifically sound the debate on the fact that these papers are inconclusive because of the rat strain or the number of rats used. We maintain our conclusions. We already published some answers to the same critics in your Journal, which have not been answered (Séralini et al., 2013).

　　關于實驗大鼠品系

　　同一個大鼠品系，被用在研究致癌性和慢性化學毒理學的美國國家毒理學項目中(King-Herbert et al., 2010)。SD大鼠是常規性用于毒理和致癌效果實驗中的動物，其中有孟山都公司的90天實驗，被當做批準NK603轉基因玉米應用的依據，其他轉基因農作物也是這樣做的(Sprague Dawley rats did not came from Harlan but from Charles-River) (Hammond et al., 2004; Hammond et al., 2006a; Hammond et al., 2006b).

　　Rat strain

　　The same strain is used by the US national toxicology program to study the carcinogenicity and the chronic toxicity of chemicals (King-Herbert et al., 2010). Sprague Dawley rats are used routinely in such studies for toxicological and tumour-inducing effects, including those 90-day studies by Monsanto as basis for the approval of NK603 maize and other GM crops (Sprague Dawley rats did not came from Harlan but from Charles-River) (Hammond et al., 2004; Hammond et al., 2006a; Hammond et al., 2006b).

　　這里有一個簡明的初步的文獻清單，表明在同行評審的雜志上SD大鼠被用在36個月的實驗如(Voss et al., 2005) or in 24-month studies by (Hack et al., 1995), (Minardi et al., 2002), (Klimisch et al., 1997), (Gamez et al., 2007).，其中有一些文章就發表在FCT上。

　　A brief, quick and still preliminary literature search of peer-reviewed journals revealed that Sprague Dawley rats were used in 36-month studies by (Voss et al., 2005) or in 24-month studies by (Hack et al., 1995), (Minardi et al., 2002), (Klimisch et al., 1997), (Gamez et al., 2007).Some of these studies have been published in Food and Chemical Toxicology.

　　Number of rats, OECD guidelines

　　實驗動物數量與OECD實驗規范

　　OECD 實驗規范：第408條，關于90天實驗，第452條關于慢性毒性試驗，第453條關于綜合致癌性/慢性毒性試驗，都要求用20只動物為一組(1981和2009的規定都這樣要求)，盡管可以用10只動物的實驗就能取得生物化學參數。我們做的是長期毒性研究而不是致癌性研究，從一開始就不是這樣設想的。根據常規10只動物一組已經足夠在生物化學水平上進行研究，我們測量的參數數量是非常大的。

　　OECD guidelines (408 for 90 day study, 452 chronic toxicity and 453 combined carcinogenicity/chronic toxicity study) always asked for 20 animals per group (both in 1981 and 2009 guidelines) although the measurement of biochemical parameters can be performed on 10 rats, as indicated. We did not perform a carcinogenesis study, which would not have been adapted at first, but a long-term chronic full study, 10 rats are sufficient for that at a biochemical level according to norms and we have measured such a number of parameters!

　　在我們的實驗中，性激素干擾的參數以及其它參數對于解釋一年之后的嚴重后果是充分的。我們采用的OPLS-DA統計方法是最適宜的。關于腫瘤和動物死亡，時間效果以及每只動物的平均腫瘤數量都必須被納入分析。在風險研究中出現的每一個跡象，都必須被充分重視。孟山都公司的研究用了同樣的大鼠品系，每組僅10只衡量20個參數，就得出同一種NK603轉基因玉米“安全”的結論，而且他們的實驗只做了3個月 (Hammond et al., 2004)

　　The disturbance of sexual hormones or other parameters are sufficient in themselves in our case to interpret a serious effect after one year. The OPLS-DA statistical method we published is one of the best adapted. For tumours and deaths, the chronology and number of tumours per animal have to be taken into account. Any sign should be regarded as important for a real risk study. Monsanto itself measured only 10 rats of the same strain per group on 20 to conclude that the same GM maize was safe after 3 months (Hammond et al., 2004).

　　The statistical analysis should not be done with historical data first, the comparison is falsified, thus 50 rats per group is useless

　　統計分析不應該先做歷史數據，用這個方法做比較研究是錯誤的，用每組50只動物做研究是無意義。

　　采納歷史數據會把健康風險評估變成研究造假，因為食譜中的材料已經受到化學污染(by dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (Schecter et al., 1996)和汞污染(Weiss et al., 2005)，鎘污染，鉻污染等，污染的程度足以改變動物肝臟和肺臟的基因表達，足以擾亂基因分析(Kozul et al., 2008)。以往的食料中還發現農藥和增塑劑污染，污染來自箱籠或者水(Howdeshell et al., 2003)。歷史數據也有來自可能食用了轉基因的動物，很多地方的鼠糧中的確發現了轉基因成分。這一切都與污染水平相關，我們已經在實驗大鼠和對照組大鼠中檢測到這些問題。

　　The use of historical data falsifies health risk assessments because the diet is contaminated by dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (Schecter et al., 1996), mercury (Weiss et al., 2005), cadmium and chromium among other heavy metals in a range of doses that altered mouse liver and lung gene expression and confounds genomic analyses (Kozul et al., 2008). They also contained pesticides or plasticizers released by cages or from water sources (Howdeshell et al., 2003). Historical data also come from rats potentially fed on GMOs, some animal pellets in the world do indicate that. All that corresponds to the contamination levels for which we have detected some effects in our treated rats versus appropriate controls.

　　在歷史數據中，2年SD雌性大鼠罹患乳腺纖維瘤的為13%~62%(Giknis, 2004)，但在我們的實驗中對照組的發病率要低得多，這才是真正的對照，而我們的實驗鼠發病率比對照組高很多，這使得我們的研究結果有顯著性。動物的死亡率也是這樣。

　　2-year historical data mammary fibroadenoma rate from Charles River SD females ranged from 13 to 62% (Giknis, 2004). We obtain a lot less in our controls, the real comparators, a lot more in treated rats. This makes our results significant, like for deaths.

　　Double standards 雙重標準

　　遵循同一個邏輯把塞拉利尼的實驗和孟山都公司的實驗做一對一的比較，如果前者被認為不足以顯示危害，那么后者也不能認為證明了安全。

　　A factual comparative analysis of the rat feeding trial by the Séralini’s group and the Monsanto trials clearly reveals that if the Séralini experiments are considered to be insufficient to demonstrate harm, logically, it must be the same for those carried out by Monsanto to prove safety.

　　以往的研究發現凡是顯示轉基因農作物有負面效果的，都會被監管者從實驗到統計方法做嚴格的重審，凡是聲稱轉基因農作物安全的研究，都被照單接受。只要是沒有報告負面效果的研究，都被接受為“安全”的證明，無論他們的研究方法有何種不足(被認為無關緊要)。

　　Basically, all previous studies finding adverse effects of GE crops have been treated by regulators with the attitude: only those studies showing adverse effects receive a rigorous evaluation of their experimental and statistical methods, while those that claim proof of safety are taken at face value. All studies that reported no adverse effects were accepted as proof of safety regardless of these manifest (but deemed irrelevant) deficiencies of their methods.

　　來自(Snell et al., 2012) 的一份文獻概覽研究可以說明這個傾向。如作者在摘要中這樣說，“在這里的24項研究的結果都不建議存在任何健康危害問題…”即所有被審閱的研究都被按“票面價值”被接受和通過了。然而在文章中卻指出，研究報告的作者們留下了無數缺陷，同他們指責塞拉利尼論文的問題類似，或者更嚴重。例如24篇中16篇(67%)文章沒有交代對照組飼料是否與實驗用的飼料屬于同基因品種(他們的解釋只是“沒有采用”)。許多篇文章連討論所用的方法都沒有介紹。此外還有其他被指出的缺陷。

　　The review by (Snell et al., 2012) illustrates this issue. In the abstract, the authors state "Results from all the 24 studies [reviewed] do not suggest any health hazards [...]" – taking all those studies at face value. Yet in their review, the authors find numerous weaknesses of similar or greater severity [than those] raised for the Séralini group's paper. For example, of the 24 studies they evaluated 16 (67% of all studies) did not mention using the isogenic line as control (interpreted as having not used them), many did not describe the methods in any detail, and according to the reviewers had other deficiencies too.

　　基于完全相同的原因，FCT應該把Hammond 等人關于耐受農達轉基因玉米的那些論文全都撤回。那些論文貌似都是真正的科學討論，發表它們只是為了給孟山都提供權威證據。

　　FCT should retract the Hammond et al. paper on Roundup tolerant maize for all these reasons, published for Monsanto’s authorization, or consider that each of these papers is part of the scientific debate.

　　References 參考文獻

　　Gamez, R., Noa, M., Mas, R., Mendoza, N., Pardo, B., Menendez, R., Perez, Y., Gonzalez, R.M., Gutierrez, A., Marrero, G., Goicochea, E., Garcia, H., Curveco, D., 2007. Long-term carcinogenicity of D-003, a mixture of high molecular weight acids from sugarcane wax, in Sprague Dawley rats: a 24 months study. Food Chem Toxicol 45, 2352-2358.

　　Giknis, M.L.A.a.C., C.B., 2004. Charles River Laboratories. Compilation of spontaneous neoplastic lesions and survival in Crl:CD (SD) rats from control groups.

　　Hack, R., Ebert, E., Leist, K.H., 1995. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with the insecticide endosulfan in rats and mice. Food Chem Toxicol 33, 941-950.

　　Hammond, B., Dudek, R., Lemen, J., Nemeth, M., 2004. Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 42, 1003-1014.

　　Hammond, B., Lemen, J., Dudek, R., Ward, D., Jiang, C., Nemeth, M., Burns, J., 2006a. Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn rootworm-protected corn. Food Chem Toxicol 44, 147-160.

　　Hammond, B.G., Dudek, R., Lemen, J.K., Nemeth, M.A., 2006b. Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from corn borer-protected corn. Food Chem Toxicol 44, 1092-1099.

　　Howdeshell, K.L., Peterman, P.H., Judy, B.M., Taylor, J.A., Orazio, C.E., Ruhlen, R.L., Vom Saal, F.S., Welshons, W.V., 2003. Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature. Environ Health Perspect 111, 1180-1187.

　　King-Herbert, A.P., Sills, R.C., Bucher, J.R., 2010. Commentary: update on animal models for NTP studies. Toxicol Pathol 38, 180-181.

　　Klimisch, H.J., Deckardt, K., Gembardt, C., Hildebrand, B., Kuttler, K., Roe, F.J., 1997. Long-term inhalation toxicity of N-vinylpyrrolidone-2 vapours. Studies in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 35, 1041-1060.

　　Kozul, C.D., Nomikos, A.P., Hampton, T.H., Warnke, L.A., Gosse, J.A., Davey, J.C., Thorpe, J.E., Jackson, B.P., Ihnat, M.A., Hamilton, J.W., 2008. Laboratory diet profoundly alters gene expression and confounds genomic analysis in mouse liver and lung. Chem Biol Interact 173, 129-140.

　　Minardi, F., Belpoggi, F., Soffritti, M., Ciliberti, A., Lauriola, M., Cattin, E., Maltoni, C., 2002. Results of long-term carcinogenicity bioassay on vinyl acetate monomer in Sprague-Dawley rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 982, 106-122.

　　Séralini, G.E., Clair, E., Mesnage, R. Gress, S., Defarge, N. Malatesta, M. Hennequin, D. Spiroux de Vendômois, J. (2012) Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food and Chem. Tox. 50:4221-4231

　　Séralini, G.E., Mesnage, R., Defarge, N., Gress, S., Hennequin, D., Clair, E., Malatesta, M., Spiroux de Vendômois, J. (2013) Answers to critics: why there is a long term toxicity due to NK603 Roundup-tolerant genetically modi?ed maize and to a Roundup herbicide. Food and Chem. Tox. 53:461-468

　　Schecter, A.J., Olson, J., Papke, O., 1996. Exposure of laboratory animals to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from commerical rodent chow. Chemosphere 32, 501-508.

　　Snell, C., Bernheim, A., Berge, J.B., Kuntz, M., Pascal, G., Paris, A., Ricroch, A.E., 2012. Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: a literature review. Food Chem Toxicol 50, 1134-1148.

　　Voss, C., Zerban, H., Bannasch, P., Berger, M.R., 2005. Lifelong exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate induces tumors in liver and testes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology 206, 359-371.

　　Weiss, B., Stern, S., Cernichiari, E., Gelein, R., 2005. Methylmercury contamination of laboratory animal diets. Environ Health Perspect 113, 1120-1122.

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