核心提示：國際生物科學雜志（International Journal of Biological Sciences）最近發表了一項研究。該項研究論文的作者們獲得結論：老鼠食用轉基因玉米與增加了的器官受損失效有聯系。 他們發現，老鼠喂食轉基因玉米僅90天對它們的腎臟與肝臟產生了“清晰的負面影響”。

    哈佛醫學院喬斯·B·馬丁中心對轉基因看法：89%的美國人希望轉基因食品標識，但美國FDA不要求標識；轉基因對于增加農作物產量做的很少，而且轉基因可能使農作物在在災害性氣候條件下更大風險，傳統農作物培育以及農耕其他改進被證實為有效的多；美國轉基因作物種植實際上增加了除草劑與殺蟲劑使用量；鄰近作物花粉使非轉基因作物免受污染很困難，如果不是不可能的話；生物技術產業十多年來一直強調，人類食用轉基因食物與負面健康影響之間沒有直接聯系，但是反對者們引證對轉基因不利的大量證據；國際生物科學雜志最近發表的論文發現，老鼠喂食轉基因玉米僅90天對它們的腎臟與肝臟產生了“清晰的負面影響”；美國環境醫學科學院對轉基因食物也采取了堅決反對的立場。他們聲明，轉基因“在毒理學、過敏預計免疫功能、生育健康、新陳代謝、生理與基因健康這些方面導致嚴重健康風險，而沒有任何益處。” 美國環境醫學科學院推薦人民避免轉基因食品，要求對轉基因食品標識，同時進行確認轉基因長期安全性的研究。

向“轉基因偽科普”教主方舟子進言：趕緊去哈佛醫學院“打假、批偽科學”吧！

Food for Thought: Genetically modified nourishment

對食物的考慮：轉基因的營養物

The Jose B. Martin Conference Center, Harvard Medical School.

哈佛醫學院喬斯·B·馬丁中心

Tuesday, April 12, 2011

2011年4月12日
轉載自：http://hms.harvard.edu/public/longwood/041211_longwood_packet.pdf

翻譯與轉載：陳一文（[email protected]）

（80年代兩屆全國青聯委員）

《新浪網》“陳一文顧問博客”轉載：http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan

《陳一文顧問網站》：http://sea3000.net/cheniwan

Four questions about Genetically Modified Foods

關于轉基因食品的四個問題

1. How does the U.S. differ from other countries regarding the use of genetically modified (GM) foods?

1、美國在關于轉基因食品使用問題上與其他國家有何區別？

Many other countries have been cautious about allowing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the food supply and require them to be labeled. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, however, does not require that food from genetically modified animals or plants be labeled as such, despite studies showing that 89% of Americans are in favor of labeling GMOcontaining foods.

許多國家對于允許轉基因生物體進入食品供應較為謹慎并要求標識它們。盡管民意調查表明89%的美國人希望轉基因食品標識，美國食品與藥物管理署不要求對來自轉基因動物或植物的食物進行標識。

2. Do GMOs Increase Crop Yields?

2、轉基因生物體是否增加農作物產量？

Many GMOs were created with the intent of growing more food per acre. But a recent review by the Union of Concerned Scientists concluded that "after more than 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialization in the United States ... genetic engineering has done little to increase overall crop yield." Instead, the report says, traditional plant breeding and other improvements in farming have proven far more effective.

許多轉基因生物體被創造時有增加每英畝食物產量的打算。但是，有“有所擔心科學家聯盟”最近進行的一項審查結論，“在美國經過了20年研究與13年商業化種植后，……轉基因對于增加農作物產量做的很少。”與此相反，該報告說，傳統農作物培育以及農耕其他改進被證實為有效的多。

GMOs may even put crops at risk for greater catastrophic failure. They encourage monocropping, the practice of growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without rotating other crops through. This reduces biodiversity, which can leave crops more vulnerable to particular pests and diseases. This occurred with genetically modified corn in Africa and cotton in India. Traditional farming practices promote biodiversity, which strengthens the overall crop.

轉基因可能使農作物在在災害性氣候條件下更大風險。轉基因農業鼓勵單一農作物種植，即同一地塊上年復一年種植相同的農作物，不進行與其他農作物的輪作。這減少了生物多樣性，使農作物對某些昆蟲與疾病更加脆弱抵抗性差。在非洲種植轉基因玉米與印度種植轉基因棉花都發生了這種情況。傳統農耕作業促進生物多樣性，它反過來強化整個農作物狀況。

3. Are GMOs Better for the Environment?

3、轉基因生物體是否對環境更好？

GMOs were originally expected to need fewer chemicals to grow. But a recent report from The Organic Center showed that GMO crops actually have increased herbicide and pesticide use. In fact, "an additional 318 million pounds of pesticides were applied due to the planting of Genetically Engineered crops from 1996 to 2008." According to the data, GMOs are actually worse when it comes to releasing chemicals into our environment.

轉基因生物體原本期望種植中可以用更少的化學品。但是，“有機中心”最近的一個報告表明，轉基因作物種植實際上增加了除草劑與殺蟲劑使用量。事實上，“從1996年到2008年，轉基因農作物種植導致增加使用了3.18億磅殺蟲劑。”根據有關統計數據，在釋放化學品進入我們的環境方面，轉基因作物實際上（比非轉基因傳統作物）更差。

It is also difficult to predict the effect of these newly introduced genes from GMOs on the larger environment. Pollination from neighboring crops makes it difficult, if not impossible, to keep non-GMO crops free from contamination.

轉基因引入的這些新的基因對更大環境的影響難于預測。鄰近作物花粉使非轉基因作物免受污染很困難，如果不是不可能的話。

The modified DNA can also be transferred through organisms in the soil. A recent Canadian study found bioengineered genes present in many bacteria and organisms living in fields planted with genetically engineered corn. While the long term effects of this are unknown, there is concern that we may be unintentionally transferring DNA to other species.

轉基因的DNA亦可以通過土壤中生物進行遷移。簡單最近的一項研究發現，種植轉基因玉米農田中的許多細菌和生物存在著轉基因的基因。這種情況的長期影響目前不清，令人擔心我們可能非故意地將轉基因遷移到其他物種。

4. Are They Safe To Eat?

4、食用轉基因食品是否安全？

The biotechnology industry points to over a decade of humans eating GMOs with no direct link to negative health effects. But opponents cite mounting evidence against GMOs along with the fact that there is no well-designed, long-term safety testing. This is what is needed to truly ensure safety.

生物技術產業十多年來一直強調，人類食用轉基因食物與負面健康影響之間沒有直接聯系。但是反對者們引證對轉基因不利的大量證據，而且這些證據是在至今還沒有良好設計的長期安全試驗研究的情況下提出來的。為確保安全，這樣的良好設計的長期安全試驗研究非常需要。

A recent study published in the International Journal of Biological Sciences highlights this concern. The authors concluded that consumption of GMO corn by rats was associated with increased organ failure. They found "a clear negative impact" on the kidneys and livers of rats that consumed geneticallymodified corn for just 90 days.

國際生物科學雜志（International Journal of Biological Sciences）最近發表的一項研究突出強調了這方面的擔心。該項研究論文的作者們獲得結論，老鼠食用轉基因玉米與增加了的器官受損失效有聯系。他們發現，老鼠喂食轉基因玉米僅90天對它們的腎臟與肝臟產生了“清晰的負面影響”。

The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) has also taken an aggressive position against genetically modified foods. It states that they "pose a serious health risk in the areas of toxicology, allergy and immune function, reproductive health, and metabolic, physiologic and genetic health and are without benefit." The AAEM recommends that people avoid genetically modified foods, that they are labeled, and that studies are done to establish their longterm safety.

美國環境醫學科學院（American Academy of Environmental Medicine -- AAEM）對轉基因食物也采取了堅決反對的立場。他們聲明，轉基因“在毒理學、過敏預計免疫功能、生育健康、新陳代謝、生理與基因健康這些方面導致嚴重健康風險，而沒有任何益處。” 美國環境醫學科學院推薦人民避免轉基因食品，要求對轉基因食品標識，同時進行確認轉基因長期安全性的研究。

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102duij.html

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