美國農業部:欲知人工作物類別,請看專利。
直言了,2011-09-19 | 2011-09-20 20:13:25。
http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/68413587_h.html 。
前陣子,農業官員搞“公關”,以給新聞媒體搞“培訓”的名義、做轉基因食品的商業推銷活動。且不說那做法涉嫌違犯行政法規,就其前后對媒體繼續搞的關于先玉335玉米的假話和耍賴,就是中國現代歷史上的一大丑聞。
在那活動前后,農官學者又把先玉335父本PH4CV問題搬出來,說那專利不能用來判斷作物是否為轉基因,說那專利不是轉基因類別、而是為未來可能使用范圍而申明產權,說那個專利的類別僅為檢索方便,還說即便使用了它、先玉335也不是轉基因,等等。
就此,本人再次詢問了美國農業部主管農業作物資源部門,問道:在你們的“植物資源”保護的PVP-品種列單上,有先鋒良種公司的作物PH4CV和PH6WA等等;它們是不是轉基因技術作物的屬性?如何判斷它們的屬性?該部門負責人G?基納德的答復相關文字如下:
From: [email protected](防止垃圾郵件,抹去詳情。需要者可到該網站查到)。
Sent: Wed 9/14/11 8:44 AM 。
……The PVP data page has links back to GRIN for each accession, which in turn has links (if applicable) to the US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) database on each patent filing.
那文字說得再清楚不過:了解某人工發明作物之屬性,要根據該作物的發明專利文件做查詢判斷。
如此,PH4CV專利有分類編碼為“800/302” 和“800/300.1”類別的專利申明的產權申明。就該分類屬性,美國專利局相關文字原文是:
[1] 800/302: Insect resistant plant which is transgenic or mutant。
[2] 800/300.1: The plant is maize: This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein the herbicide resistant plant is maize, which is also known as corn or Zea mays.
[2-1] 800/300: Herbicide resistant plant which is transgenic or mutant。
文件連接:http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/uspc800/defs800.pdf。
那文字說的很清楚,PH4CV上述類別為轉基因屬性,且是有抗蟲和除草之功能的轉基因作物屬性。
在美國農業部的玉米種植統計中,“Insect resistant plant”的玉米歸為BT轉基因品種,“Herbicide resistant plant”的玉米歸為HT轉基因品種。相關數據標題原文:
Genetically engineered (GE) corn varieties by State and United States, 2000-2011。
Insect-resistant (Bt) only(抗蟲功能的轉基因玉米)。
Herbicide-tolerant only (抗雜草/除草劑功能的轉基因玉米)。
地址連接:http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/alltables.xls。
美國官方主管部門的文字都很明確地說明證明,PH4CV分類屬性為轉基因或含有轉基因成分。--- 美國官方主管部門總比任何私人或機構組織更知道他們自己制定的法規規范之意義和如何執行那些法規吧。
附后是美國專利局關于什么是專利及其分類的解釋。那說的很清楚:專利分類的第一功能是將發明做分類登記,第二功能才是查詢檢索。只有實現了的首創發明、才能申明產權;那些處于想法、未來或可能的東西無權無資格享有專利產權。對比法規規范來看,若先鋒公司沒實現“800/302”和“800/300-300.1”所屬的首創發明,而只是想法、未來或可能的東西,那么,它就無權申明那個分類的產權。再說了,若某人某發明沒有某個屬性,美國專利局也不會(且法律也不允許)主動把沒做的東西給添入產權申明并列入該分類;PH4CV享有該類別產權,說明它的屬性類別就是轉基因作物之技術發明。
反證設想:一位叫張三的男人在北京工作和居住,公安部門會不會因檢索需要而在上海把他作為女性公民做戶口登記呢?當然不會。同樣,若PH4CV沒有轉基因屬性,美國專利局也不會因檢索需要而把它作為轉基因技術發明而在轉基因類別里做登記;也同樣,若該兩項分類意義不是轉基因技術發明產品,那么,美國農業部也不會把它們歸為轉基因作物種植統計。
當然,盡管實物檢驗成本比專利查詢要高許多,但也更有說服力。前陣子,農業部門搞推銷轉基因食品的“公關”、試圖以“培訓”名義給新聞媒體灌輸虛假信息。面對提問事實,那些農官不得不承認環保部門檢驗出先玉-335含有CAMV-35S啟動子的事實。然而,那些農官卻搞起了耍賴,說“凡是植物都有啟動子”,企圖繼續否認先玉335玉米為轉基因或含有轉基因成分的作物的事實。就那些農官厚顏耍賴的行為,有網友做出了生動而精辟的比喻:
檢驗員說:“檢測到了癌癥細胞。”。
農業官員:“凡人都有細胞。”,由此狡賴說被檢驗的病人沒有癌癥。
為推銷轉基因食品和圈錢,農業官員搞的撒謊假話規模之大和時間之長,現代歷史罕見;而面對事實搞耍賴之厚顏程度,更是現代中國歷史上沒見過的。詳情故事,見:
農業部首度承認環保部檢測先玉335含啟動子。文/金微,2011-09-18 09:27。
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4925873e0102dtj1.html 。
該文以官方與學界的操作慣例說明,就某食品作物檢驗出CAMV-35S啟動子,即可判定該作物為轉基因或含有轉基因成分之作物。鑒于那些農官和相關公司先鋒良種公司可能勾結起來再搞耍賴和否認,這里做些補充:先玉335品種產權所有人先鋒良種公司自己,就在許多場合明確說明,CAMV-35S啟動子是檢驗判斷某作物為轉基因或含有轉基因品種的重要指標之一。譬如,
例一:先鋒良種公司為美國官方機構做過多次的轉基因食品安全評估的咨詢報告。那些報告明確提出,CAMV-35S啟動子是檢驗分析某食品作物的轉基因成分的重要指標或目標。這是其報告其中之一:
The following table (Table 1) outlines the identities and sources of the introduced genetic material in soybean plants expressing the GAT4601 protein.
Table 1. Identity and Sources of Introduced Genetic Material(基因材料鑒定來源):
Genetic Element: SCP1promoter。
Size (base pairs): 486。
Description: Constitutive synthetic core promoter consisting of a portion of the CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al., 1985) and the Rsyn7-Syn II Core consensus promoter (Bowen et al., 2000, 2003).。
來源:Early Food Safety Evaluation for a Glyphosate N-Acetytransferase Protein: GAT4601。
Submitting Company: Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.。 June 16, 2006。
連接:http://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/biotechnology/submissions/ucm218911.pdf 。
例二:先鋒良種公司等曾面臨侵權官司。辯護和判決書說明,該公司申明沒有侵權的重要根據之一,就是CAMV-35S為轉基因技術的發明和使用的情況之分析判斷的重要指標之一。這是該官司的法院判決書:
MEMORANDUM OPINION。
Dated: November 19, 2004, Wilmington, Delaware。
ROBINSON, Chief Judge。
SYNGENTA SEEDS v MONSANTO and PIONEER(ETC)。
http://www.ded.uscourts.gov/SLR/Opinions/Nov2004/02-1331g.pdf。
如此,農官及先鋒良種公司若耍賴說檢驗到CAMV-35S也不是轉基因,那么,公眾社會就有充分的理由說明:先鋒良種公司為美國官方做的轉基因食品安全評估報告都是造假、即欺騙了美國官方主管部門;或者,該公司給法院提供的辯護材料為虛假證據,因而可推翻該判決、該公司應做出巨額賠償。
簡單說,擺在先鋒良種公司面前的事情很清楚:遵守中國法律和美國對外貿易法規,就先玉335-及其父本PH4CV而對中國市場、用戶和主管部門所搞的帶有故意欺騙的行為,做出公開的檢討反省和賠禮道歉,就該產品做出主動的全部召回處理、并對相關中國農戶和消費者做出賠償。
至于中國農官,但愿中國主管部門能依法辦事,對他們多年多次重復的、特別是這一年多來關于轉基因食品和先玉335-玉米所做的故意撒謊和欺上瞞下的行為,對他們為掩蓋真相而迫使檢驗結果不能依法公布的知法犯法行為,對他們用“公關”經費及手段買通媒體及一些個人、發表文章欺騙社會和對講真話的人搞打擊報復和造謠誹謗的行為,都做出嚴懲不怠的處理、給中國13億民眾有個交代。
至于一些媒體,特別是光明媒體、發表新聞評論把關于先玉335-玉米真相報道說成是“2010年十大謠言”,該媒體也是有不可推卸的責任,依法辦事就其造謠誹謗行為而做出公開的賠禮道歉、并對相關瀆職人員做出處理,給讀者社會和受害者都有個起碼的交代。
附件:35S啟動子的專利文件,包括相關序列數據:
US 5352605 (granted patent)。
Chimeric genes for transforming plant cells using viral promoters。
http://www.patentlens.net/patentlens/patents.html?patnums=US5352605&returnTo=quick.html%3Fquery%3D%2528US5352605%2Bin%2Bpublication_number%2529 。
附件:35S啟動子跟艾滋病毒類似。譬如:
The Cauliflower Mosaic Virus promoter - a hazard in GE plants
http://www.psrast.org/newvir.htm 。
國際學界早有研究披露,一些疾病或疾病擴散就可能來自含有35S-BT/HT轉基因作物。就此,還有35S-HIV的類似問題,國內學界也早已知道,譬如:
美研究人員發現人類可以從植物病毒研究中獲取靈感。
科技部門戶網站。 2007年08月16日。 來源:科技日報。
http://www.most.gov.cn/gnwkjdt/200708/t20070815_52491.htm 。
附件:美國專利局的通俗解釋:什么可以申明專利?
連接:http://www.uspto.gov/patents/resources/general_info_concerning_patents.jsp#heading-31。
What Can Be Patented
The patent law specifies the general field of subject matter that can be patented and the conditions under which a patent may be obtained.
In the language of the statute, any person who "invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent," subject to the conditions and requirements of the law. The word "process" is defined by law as a process, act or method, and primarily includes industrial or technical processes. The term "machine" used in the statute needs no explanation. The term "manufacture" refers to articles that are made, and includes all manufactured articles. The term "composition of matter" relates to chemical compositions and may include mixtures of ingredients as well as new chemical compounds. These classes of subject matter taken together include practically everything that is made by man and the processes for making the products.
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 excludes the patenting of inventions useful solely in the utilization of special nuclear material or atomic energy in an atomic weapon. See 42 U.S.C. 2181(a).
The patent law specifies that the subject matter must be "useful." The term "useful" in this connection refers to the condition that the subject matter has a useful purpose and also includes operativeness, that is, a machine which will not operate to perform the intended purpose would not be called useful, and therefore would not be granted a patent.
Interpretations of the statute by the courts have defined the limits of the field of subject matter that can be patented, thus it has been held that the laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract ideas are not patentable subject matter.
A patent cannot be obtained upon a mere idea or suggestion. The patent is granted upon the new machine, manufacture, etc., as has been said, and not upon the idea or suggestion of the new machine. A complete description of the actual machine or other subject matter for which a patent is sought is required.
附件:美國專利局:什么是專利分類?
http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/classification/help.htm。
3. What is a Patent Classification?
A Patent Classification is a code which provides a method for categorizing the invention. Classification are typically expressed as "482/1". The first number, 482, represents the class of invention. The number following the slash is the subclass of invention within the class. There are about 450 Classes of invention and about 150,000 subclasses of invention in the USPC.
Classes and subclasses have titles which provide a short description of the class or subclass. Classes and subclasses also have definitions which provide a more detailed explanation. Many Classes and subclasses have explicitly defined relationships to one another. Subclasses contain patents. In a sense, classes also contain patents but for classificaiton purposes patents are always classified at the subclass level. That is one or more classifications (i.e., class/subclass designations) are assigned to each granted patent and each published application.
A patent classification also represents a searchable collection of patents grouped together according to similarly claimed subject matter.
A classification is used both as a tool for finding patents (patentability searches), and for assisting in the assignment of patent applications to examiners for examination purposes. Classifications have definitions. Classifications have hierarchical relationships to one another.
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