(英國)土壤協會2008年對轉基因農作物、轉基因食品問題公布了一個全面深入詳盡的的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響。
英國土壤協會揭露轉基因惡果研究報告(目錄)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK
陳一文譯([email protected])
原文pdf文件網址:
http://www.soilassociation.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SqDvBO1pyEU=&tabid=390
目錄
The Soil Association
(英國)土壤協會介紹
Introduction
引言
Do milk, eggs and meat from GM-fed animals contain GM material?
來自轉基因農作物喂養動物的牛奶、雞蛋和肉類含有轉基因物質?
Study by a Canadian team: Pigs and Sheep
加拿大研究組進行的研究:豬和羊
Study by an Italian team: Piglets
意大利研究組進行的研究:豬仔
Study by another Italian team: Milk
另一個意大利研究組進行的研究:牛奶
Study by an German team: Milk
德國研究組進行的研究:牛奶
Study by the Soil Association: Milk
(英國)土壤協會進行的研究:牛奶
Do GM foods have health impacts?
轉基因食品對健康是否有影響?
Official safety assessments are far too narrow
官方安全評估過于狹窄
Poor safety assessment of Roundup Ready soya
對孟山都抗除草劑轉基因大豆安全性的評價程序低劣
Animal feeding tests show negative effects of GM crops
動物喂養試驗表明了轉基因作物的負面影響
(i) GM soya
(一)轉基因大豆
Russian rat trial –
俄羅斯的老鼠試驗 -
Italian mouse trial –
意大利的老鼠試驗 –
FSA human feeding trial –
食品安全局組織的人喂食轉基因食品試驗 -
(ii) GM maize Monsanto rat trial –
(二)對孟山都轉基因玉米進行的老鼠試驗 -
Aventis’s chicken and rat trials –
安萬特公司的雞和老鼠試驗 -
UK study of gene transfer in sheep –
英國對羊中轉基因遷移的研究 -
(iii) GM oilseed rape
(三)轉基因油菜
Monsanto rat trials –
孟山都公司進行的老鼠試驗 -
(iv) GM peas
(四)轉基因豌豆
Australian mice trial –
澳大利亞老鼠試驗
(v) GM tomatoes
(五)轉基因番茄
Calgene mice trials
(美國)Calgene公司進行的小鼠試驗 -
(vi) GM potatoes
(六)轉基因土豆
UK rat trials –
英國進行的老鼠試驗 -
英國“土壤協會”1946年由有遠見的農民、醫生和有關人士創立。該組織致力于越來越多人士對于耕作方法和植物、動物、人類和環境健康之間直接關系的取得共同理解的輿論推進改變。土壤協會2008年公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響。
(英國)土壤協會簡介
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK
陳一文譯([email protected])
原文pdf文件網址:
http://www.soilassociation.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=SqDvBO1pyEU=&tabid=390
Note by Advisor Chen I-wan: Due to limitation of my translation, to enable readers check with the original text, herewith with corresponding English/Chinese text provide the Chinese translation of this report. If any reader identifies errors in the Chinese translation, or has suggestions for better translation, welcome send emails to me, enabling me to make timely corrections and improvements. During my translation, I acknowledge and appreciate assistance by Google translation.
陳一文顧問注:由于本人翻譯水平有限,為便于讀者核對原文,特此以英文/中文對照方式提供該研究報告的中譯文。任何讀者如果發現譯者中譯文有誤或者有更好翻譯建議的話,歡迎發郵件給本人,便于及時修正與改進。翻譯過程中借助谷歌翻譯功能,予以確認與致謝!
Researched by Cóilín Nunan, with assistance from Kathleen Hewlett.
研究者:柯林·努南(Cóilín Nunan);協助研究者:卡瑟琳·惠勒特(Kathleen Hewlett)。
Written by Gundula Azeez and Cóilín Nunan.
撰寫者:宮杜拉·阿紫資(Gundula Azeez)與柯林·努南(Cóilín Nunan)。
With many thanks to all the farmers who supplied samples and answered our questions, and Genetic ID for testing the samples.
致謝:對于向我們提供樣品、回復我們的詢問的所有農民們,以及協助檢測樣品的“基因鑒別”(Genetic ID)致謝!
Produced by the Soil Association (layout by Yael Hodder, proofing by Anna Groves).
制作方:土壤協會(Soil Association)(排版者:亞伊爾·霍德;校對者:安娜·格魯維斯)
Soil Association
(英國)土壤協會介紹
The Soil Association is the UK’s leading environmental charity campaigning for a global shift to sustainable, organic food and farming practices.
“土壤協會”是英國領先的環保慈善組織,為全球轉向可持續有機食品和耕作方式而斗爭。
Founded in 1946 by a far-sighted group of farmers, doctors and concerned citizens, the organization is dedicated to bringing about change by creating a growing body of public opinion that understands the direct link between farming practice and plant, animal, human and environmental health.
(英國)“土壤協會”1946年由有遠見的農民、醫生和有關人士創立。該組織致力于越來越多人士對于耕作方法和植物、動物、人類和環境健康之間直接關系的取得共同理解的輿論推進改變。
Today the Soil Association is an internationally respected authority on sustainable agriculture and recognized champion of healthy food, which uniquely represents and offers practical solutions to everyone involved in the food chain – farmers, food processors, retailers and consumers.
今天,“土壤協會”在可持續農業方面在國際上享有權威性,同時是健康食品方面公認的冠軍,使其獨特地代表并向食物鏈中的所有人--農民、食品加工商、零售商和消費者—提供切實可行的解決方案。
The Soil Association is reliant on the support of its members, donors and the public to carry out its work. You can help grow the organic movement, by joining the Soil Association you will be part of a dynamic organisation pressing to change the predominant food culture in this country.
土壤協會依賴于其成員、捐助者和公眾的支持開展工作。通過加入土壤協會,成為充滿活力迫切要改變這個國家主要的飲食文化組織的一部分,你可以幫助有機運動的發展。
Single UK membership costs just £24 a year.
個人英國會員費用每年僅24英鎊。
Soil Association
土壤協會通訊地址:
Soil Association
South Plaza
Marlborough Street
Bristol BS1 3NX, UK
T 0117 314 5000
F 0117 314 5001
(英國)土壤協會2008年公布的該研究報告證明:基因工程確實對健康造成了真實的風險,轉基因農作物是不安全的,不應該作為動物與人類的食品,而且,用轉基因農作物飼料喂養的雞生的蛋、用轉基因農作物飼料喂養的牛的牛奶與肉類檢測出含有轉基因物質,也不應該作為人類的食品!
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響—引言
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
“一些證據開始顯現,表明轉基因農作物喂養動物造成肉類和奶制品中出現少量的轉基因物質,以前沒有發現過這樣的問題?!饘τ谵D基因農作物喂養動物生產的食品依然不貼標簽的重大倫理問題的擔心。”
請注意,由于這篇研究報告2008年發表,因而不包括2009 – 2010年世界更多地方揭露出來的轉基因農作物、轉基因食品更加廣泛更加嚴重的危害!
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Introduction
引言
One of the main concerns about GM crops is whether they will have negative effects on health. This was initially a theoretical concern. However, considerable scientific evidence has emerged over the last few years that has substantially developed our understanding and shows that there are indeed real health risks from genetic engineering.
對轉基因農作物憂慮的主要問題是,轉基因農作物是否會對健康造成負面影響。這最初是一個理論問題。然而,過去幾年暴露出來的大量的科學證據,使我們的理解有了大幅發展,表明基因工程確實對健康造成了真實的風險。
There is now a worrying body of published, peer-reviewed scientific evidence from controlled animal studies carried out in many countries and by different parties (government, independent and company studies) that demonstrates that GMOs cause a wide range of serious unexpected health impacts.
不同國家、不同機構(政府,獨立的和公司的研究)通過對照動物進行的許多研究經審查的科學證據令人擔心的表明,轉基因生物體(GMOs)對健康確實造成了一系列沒有料想到的嚴重的影響。
Evidence is also beginning to emerge that if GM crops are fed to animals, small amounts of GM material appear in the resulting meat and dairy products, and this had not been previously identified.
除此之外,一些證據開始顯現,表明轉基因農作物(GM crops)喂養動物造成肉類和奶制品中出現少量的轉基因物質(GM material),以前沒有發現過這樣的問題。
Both of these issues raise serious human and animal health concerns about the use of GMOs in food, and also major ethical concerns about the fact that foods from GM-fed animals remain unlabelled. The findings also raise serious questions about the reliability of the European safety assessment and advisory procedures.
這兩個問題引起對在食品中使用轉基因生物體(GMOs)對于人類和動物嚴重健康問題的擔心,同時也引起對于轉基因農作物喂養動物生產的食品依然不貼標簽的重大倫理問題的擔心。這些研究發現也使人們對于歐洲安全評估和咨詢程序的可靠性提出的嚴重的質疑。
With this evidence, the Soil Association believes that GM crops are unsafe and should not be used for food.
依據這些證據,土壤協會認為,轉基因農作物是不安全的,不應該用于食品。
來自轉基因農作物喂養動物的牛奶、雞蛋和肉類含有轉基因物質?
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(1)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(1)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
*
Do milk, eggs and meat from GM-fed animals contain GM material?
來自轉基因農作物喂養動物的牛奶、雞蛋和肉類含有轉基因物質?
It was often suggested by the advocates of GM crops that there should be no concerns about this issue because GM crop material is degraded during processing into feed and during digestion. (There are, for instance, significant secretions of nucleases, enzymes which break down DNA, along the gut.)1
轉基因農作物的擁護者們經常建議,這個問題不應令人擔心,因為轉基因農作物材料在加工為飼料和消化過程中被降解。(例如,大量分泌物核酸、酶沿腸道分解DNA)[1]
Until a couple of years ago, none of the published studies had detected transgenic (GM) DNA in the milk, eggs or meat of GM-fed animals. [2, 3, 4, 5]
直到幾年前,已發表的研究論文都沒有發現轉基因農作物飼料喂養的牛奶、雞蛋或肉類含有轉基因(GM)的基因。[2, 3, 4, 5]
Nevertheless, several of these studies found that plant chloroplast DNA from animal feed is present in milk, eggs and meat.[2, 3, 4] This plant DNA was not nuclear DNA, the DNA contained in the nuclei of cells which is where the novel genes (‘trangenes’) are usually inserted for making GM crops. It was instead the DNA that is found in the chloroplasts, the plant ‘organelles’ that photosynthesise and which are present in large numbers in plant cells.
然而,其中一些研究發現,牛奶,雞蛋和肉類中存在著來自動物飼料的植物葉綠體基因(plant chloroplast DNA)。[2, 3, 4]這種植物基因(plant DNA)不是核基因(nuclear DNA);細胞的細胞核中含有的基因通常用來插入外來新奇基因(novel genes -- 'trangenes')使其成為轉基因農作物。與此相反,(牛奶,雞蛋和肉類中)發現的基因是葉綠體中發現的基因(DNA),是光合作用的植物細胞器(the plant ‘organelles’ that photosynthesise),它們在植物細胞中大量存在。
Chloroplast DNA is vastly more abundant than nuclear DNA, since each plant cell can have thousands of copies of chloroplast genes but just two to four copies of each nuclear gene. Plant chloroplast DNA is therefore thought to be more detectable in animal products than nuclear DNA simply because of its greater abundance, not because it is less susceptible to breakdown during processing or digestion.
葉綠體基因(Chloroplast DNA)遠比核基因(nuclear DNA)豐富,因為每個植物細胞可以有數千個葉綠體基因,但是每個核基因只有兩個到四個核基因副本。動物產品中的植物葉綠體基因因此被認為更容易被檢測到,簡單是因為它比細胞核基因數量更大,而不是因為飼料加工或消化過程中更加不易被分解。
It is therefore in fact likely that many studies were failing to detect GM crop (‘transgenic’) DNA in animal products and tissues because of its comparatively low level of presence and limitations in the sensitivity of the analytic methods being used, rather than because transgenic DNA does not actually make its way into animal products and tissues.
事實上,過去許多研究在動物產品中沒有發現轉基因農作物(“轉基因”—‘transgenic’),是由于它的存在的水平相對低,以及所應用的分析方法的靈敏度的局限性,而不是轉基因并非真正進入動物產品和動物組織。
Since late 2005, however, three published studies by three different scientific teams and one unpublished study have actually detected transgenic plant DNA in animal tissues and milk.
2005年底以來,三個不同的科學研究小組發表的三篇研究報告以及一篇發表的研究報告事實上在動物組織和牛奶中檢測到轉基因植物的基因。
Reference:
參考文獻:
[1] “GMOs: should they be fed to farm livestock?”, in The Chemical Engineer, Issue 746, by David Beever and Richard Phipps, Centre for Dairy Research, University of Reading
[1]“轉基因生物:是否應該用來喂養農場牲畜?”,化學工程師,第746期,作者:大衛•比弗和理查德•菲普斯,乳品研究中心,雷丁大學
[2] “Detection of transgenic and endogenous plant DNA in rumen fluid, duodenal digesta, milk, blood, and feces of lactating dairy cows”, J Dairy Sci., vol. 86, pp. 4070–4078, Phipps R.H., Deaville E.R. and Maddison B.C., 2003
[2]“檢測到奶牛瘤胃液,十二指腸食糜,牛奶,血液和糞便中有轉基因(transgenic)和內源植物基因”,乳業科學雜志,第86,4070-4078頁,作者:Phipps R.H., Deaville E.R. and Maddison B.C.,2003年
[3] “Fate of maize intrinsic and recombinant genes in calves fed genetically modified maize Bt11”, J Food Prot, vol. 67, pp. 365–370, Chowdhury E.H., Mikami O., Murata H., Sultana P., Shimada
N., Yoshioka M., Guruge K.S., Yamamoto S., Miyazaki S., Yamanaka N. and Nakajima Y., 2004
[3] “牛犢喂養的轉基因玉米Bt11的玉米內在和重組基因的命運”,食品保護雜志,第67卷,第365-370頁,作者:Chowdhury E.H., Mikami O., Murata H., Sultana P., Shimada
N., Yoshioka M., Guruge K.S., Yamamoto S., Miyazaki S., Yamanaka N. and Nakajima Y.,2004
[4] “The fate of forage plant DNA in farm animals :a collaborative case-study investigating cattle and
chicken fed recombinant plant material”, European food research and technology, vol. 212, pp. 129–134, Einspanier R., Klotz A., Kraft J., Aulrich K., Poser R., Schwagele F., Jahreis G. and Flachowsky G., 2001
[4]“農場動物飼料植物基因的命運:對喂養牛雞的重組植物材料的合作案例研究和調查”,歐洲食品研究與技術雜志,第212卷,第129-134頁,作者:Einspanier R., Klotz A., Kraft J., Aulrich K., Poser R., Schwagele F., Jahreis G. and Flachowsky G.,2001
[5] “Detection of transgenic DNA in milk from cows receiving herbicide tolerant (CP4EPSPS) soyabean meal”, Livestock Production Science, Phipps R.H., Beever D.E. and Humphries D.J., 2002. vol. 74, pp. 269–273
[5]“檢測到喂養耐除草劑轉基因(CP4EPSPS)大豆飼料牛的牛奶中有轉基因”,畜牧生產科學雜志,第74卷,第269-273頁,作者:Phipps R.H., Beever D.E. and Humphries D.J.,
加拿大、意大利、德國、英國對轉基因飼料喂養動物的牛奶、蛋和肉檢測的結果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(2)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(2)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
德國科學家“在喂食了大量轉基因植物的牛的牛奶中也發現了轉基因材料(來自轉基因大豆與轉基因玉米)?!?BR>
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Study by a Canadian team: Pigs and Sheep
加拿大研究組進行的研究:豬和羊
A Canadian team fed pigs and sheep Roundup Ready oilseed rape and then examined various tissues from the animals. They found that a liver, a kidney and intestinal tissues from the pigs, and intestinal tissues from the sheep contained fractions of the transgenes.[6]
一個加拿大研究組用(蒙山都公司)抗“終結者”除草劑油菜(Roundup Ready oilseed rape)喂養豬和羊,然后對動物的各種組織進行檢查。他們在豬的一個肝臟、一個腎臟和豬的腸組織中,
以及羊的腸組織中,檢測到發現轉基因的片段。[6]
Study by an Italian team: Piglets
意大利研究組進行的研究:豬仔
In another study, Italian scientists fed piglets for 35 days on Monsanto’s GM maize (Mon 810). They subsequently found fragments of a transgene in the blood, liver, spleen and kidney of the animals.7
在另一項研究中,意大利科學家用孟山都公司的轉基因玉米(Mon 810)喂養仔豬35天。他們后來發現,仔豬的血、肝臟、脾與腎臟中檢測到轉基因片段。[7]
Study by another Italian team: Milk
另一個意大利研究組進行的研究:牛奶
Another Italian research team, from the University of Catania, detected GM soya and GM sequences in shop-bought milk in Italy.8
意大利卡塔尼亞大學(University of Catania)的另一個研究小組在商店購買的牛奶中發現轉基因大豆和轉基因序列.[8]
Study by an German team: Milk
德國研究組進行的研究:牛奶
An unpublished study, carried out in the year 2000 at the University of Weihenstephan in Germany, also detected GM material (from GM soya and GM maize) in the milk of cows which had been fed large amounts of GM plants.
德國魏恩斯梯芬大學(University of Weihenstephan)2000年進行的尚未發表論文的研究,在喂食了大量轉基因植物的牛的牛奶中也發現了轉基因材料(來自轉基因大豆與轉基因玉米)。
The results of the study were published by Greenpeace in 2004.9,10 The researcher has suggested that the DNA may have been a result of contamination of the milk by dust from the GM feed in the dairy.
綠色和平組織2004年9月10日發表了該項研究的結果。[9、10] 研究者提出,(牛奶中檢測的轉基因)也可能奶牛場的轉基因飼料灰塵對牛奶造成污染的結果。
Whilst this is unproven, this points to a potential common source of contamination with the use of GM feed and does not change or undermine the fact that the researcher found GM DNA in the milk.
雖然這一點未經證實,但是依然指出使用轉基因飼料成為造成(牛奶)污染的一個潛在的共同污染源,并且并非改變研究者在牛奶中發現了轉基因基因的事實。
Study by the Soil Association: Milk
(英國)土壤協會進行的研究:牛奶
The Soil Association decided to also investigate this issue. We asked those farmers whose feeds we had found contained high levels of GM soya, if they would also provide samples of their milk or eggs for testing for the presence of GM DNA or GM protein. Two dairy farmers and one egg producer agreed to provide samples. Each farmer provided two samples of milk (from two different cows) or two samples of eggs, as well as another sample of feed to re-check the GM soya level.
土壤協會決定對這個問題也開展調查。我們向應用我們發現含有高水平轉基因大豆飼料的那些農民提出,他們能否向我們提供他們的牛奶或雞蛋樣品供我們檢測是否存在轉基因基因或轉基因蛋白質。兩位農民與一個雞蛋生產商同意提供樣品。每個農民提供了兩個樣品的牛奶(從兩個不同的奶牛)或兩個雞蛋樣本,以及飼料樣品,以重新檢查轉基因大豆的轉基因水平。
All samples were tested by Genetic ID in Germany. The soya in all three feed samples was found to be 100% GM. However, our tests did not detect any GM DNA or protein in any of the milk or egg samples. In several of the milk samples, plant DNA, including soya DNA, was detected, indicating
the possibility that a very low level of undetected GM DNA may have been present. Subsequently, when we became aware of the Italian research which had detected GM DNA in shop-bought milk,
we also carried out a similar, but smaller scale survey. Milk samples were collected from 10 different leading supermarket or corner shop chains.
所有的樣品提交各在德國的“基因鑒定”機構進行檢測。所有三個大豆飼料樣品發現為100%轉基因大豆。然而,在我們的測試中,在牛奶或雞蛋樣品中沒有發現任何轉基因基因或轉基因蛋白質。但是,在數個牛奶樣品中,檢測到植物基因(plant DNA),包括大豆基因(soya DNA),表明可能存在著沒有檢測出來的非常低水平的轉基因基因。后來,當我們了解到意大利的研究在商店中買的牛奶中檢測到轉基因基因,我們也進行了一個類似的,但是較小規模的調查。從10個不同的領先的超市或路口聯網商店收集了牛奶樣品。
All of the samples were analysed using the same analytic technique used by the scientists from Catania, as well as by an in-house method. Again, no GM DNA or protein was detected, but several samples contained traces of plant DNA, including soya DNA.
采用了意大利卡塔尼亞大學(University of Catania)采用的相同分析技術對所有樣品進行了分析,同時用一種內部方法進行了分析。再次沒有檢測出轉基因基因或轉基因蛋白質,但是有幾個樣本檢測出微量的植物基因,其中包括大豆的基因。
Conclusion:
結論:
In conclusion, based on the fact that crop chloroplast DNA is commonly found in milk, eggs and animal tissues, and that four research teams now have, between them, detected GM crop DNA in the milk, blood, liver, kidneys and intestinal tissues of GM-fed animals, we conclude that it is likely that
people are being frequently exposed to GM DNA by eating milk and meat from GM-fed animals, albeit at very low levels. Further research into this subject is needed.
結論:基于農作物葉綠體基因常見于牛奶、雞蛋和動物組織,以及目前有四個研究小組之中在牛奶、血液、肝臟、腎臟與腸組織中檢測到轉基因農作物基因,我們得出的結論是,通過食用轉基因農作物飼料的動物的奶與肉類,人們經常暴露于轉基因基因,盡管其水平很低。因此對這個課題有必要進一步研究。
References
參考文獻:
[6] “Detection of Transgenic and Endogenous Plant DNA in Digesta and Tissues of Sheep and Pigs Fed Roundup Ready Canola Meal”, J. Agric. Food Chem.,vol. 54, pp. 1699–1709, Sharma R., Damgaard D., Alexander T.W., Dugan M.E.R., Aalhus J.L., Stanford K. and McAllister T.A., 2006
[6]“在喂養(孟山都公司)抗“終結者”除草劑油菜飼料(Roundup Ready Canola Meal)的羊與豬消化物與組織中檢測到轉基因和內源食糜植物基因”,農業食品化學雜志,第54卷,第1699至1709頁,作者:Sharma R., Damgaard D., Alexander T.W., Dugan M.E.R., Aalhus J.L., Stanford K. and McAllister T.A.,2006年
[7] “Assessing the transfer of genetically modified DNA from feed to animal tissues”, Transgenic Res., vol. 14, pp. 775–784, Mazza R., Soave M., Morlacchini M., Piva G. and Marocco A., 2005
[7]“評估轉基因基因從飼料到物組織的轉移”,轉基因研究雜志,第14卷,第775-784頁,作者:Mazza R., Soave M., Morlacchini M., Piva G. and Marocco A.,2005年
[8] “Detection of genetically modified DNA sequences in milk from the Italian market”, Int J Hyg Environ Health, vol. 209, pp. 81–88, Agodi A., Barchitta M., Grillo A. and Sciacca S., 2006
[8]“意大利市場中的牛奶中檢測轉基因基因序列”,衛生環境健康雜志,第209卷,第81-88頁,作者:Agodi A., Barchitta M., Grillo A. and Sciacca S.,2006年
[9] “How do genes get into milk?”, Greenpeace, 2004
[9]“基因如何進入牛奶?”,綠色和平組織,2004年
[10] “Report on examination to determine plant and Bt-maize residues in cow milk”, conducted at the
Weihenstephan research centre for milk and foodstuffs of the Technical University of Munich- Freising, Ralf Einspanier, 20 October 2000 and 20 December 2000
[10]“確定牛奶中植物與(抗除草劑)Bt玉米殘余物的檢查報告”,慕尼黑—佛雷星技術大學Weihenstephan牛奶與食品研究中心的研究,Ralf Einspanier,2000年10月20日與2000年12月20日
原先無害的豆科蛋白質插入到一個豌豆中,導致這種豌豆對老鼠造成了過敏反應。插入的基因往往是不穩定的,隨著時間的推移,發現它們在植物基因組中重新排列。轉基因生物體被吃下進入口腔和腸道中的細菌群體后,插入轉基因生物體中的外源基因能夠脫離轉基因生物體。這種遺傳不穩定意味著,插入基因的方式所表達的植物形狀以及其對健康的影響,可能隨時間而改變。
轉基因食品對健康是否有影響?
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(3)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(3)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,針對本節內容必須向人民說明為自己為轉基因農作物危害申辯的理由!
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Do GM foods have health impacts?
轉基因食品對健康是否有影響?
Biotechnology companies have claimed that genetic engineering is no more unpredictable and dangerous than traditional cross-breeding, and as a result GM crops should not be subjected to special or extensive safety assessments.
生物技術公司聲稱,基因工程并不比傳統的雜交育種更加不可預測與危險,并因此提出對轉基因農作物不應該實施特殊的或更嚴謹的安全評估。
In reality, genetic modification differs fundamentally from traditional crossbreeding, and there are very good scientific reasons for being concerned about the safety of GM crops.
在現實中,基因改造與傳統雜交育種根本性不同,有非常良好的科學理由使人們要關心轉基因農作物的安全問題。
Genetic engineering usually involves introducing a package of genetic material derived from one organism (or several) into the DNA of another, often a completely different species. It is never based on the plant’s normal reproductive processes, which are used in traditional cross-breeding.
基因工程通常涉及將另外的一個生物體(或幾個生物體)遺傳物質引入(進行改造的農作物的)基因,往往是一個完全不同的物種?;蚬こ虖膩頉]有根據傳統雜交育種中應用的植物正常繁殖過程。
Instead, the foreign DNA is inserted into the plants own DNA either by using the infective process of a disease bacteria or by bombarding the cells with fine metal particles coated with the foreign DNA.
與傳統雜交育種中應用的植物正常繁殖過程不同,外源基因被插入到植物自身的基因中,采用的方法或者使用細菌感染疾病過程的方式,或者采用外源基因涂層的細金屬顆粒轟擊細胞的方式。
This artificial DNA insertion breaks down the natural biological mechanisms that normally maintain the genetic integrity of species. At various stages in the process, the number of cells are increased by a laboratory method called a "tissue culture".
這種人造基因的插入,打破了維護生物物種遺傳完整性的自然的正常生物機制。在這個過程的不同階段,稱之為“組織培養”的實驗室方法導致細胞數量增加。
The technique has several serious flaws. This means there is a large number of risks inherent in GM crops, which do not apply to plants produced by traditional cross-breeding:
這種技術有幾項嚴重的缺陷。這意味著轉基因農作物固有多種風險,傳統雜交育種產生的植物不具有轉基因農作物固有的這些風險。
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Additionally, the tissue culture stages cause numerous changes to the rest of the plant's DNA. There is well-documented evidence by the FSA and others that genetic engineering causes extensive ‘genome-wide’ mutations and changes in the activity of very many of the plant’s own genes as a result of genetic engineering.[12]
此外,組織培養階段對植物其他的基因也造成許多變化。FSA(食物安全局)與其他單位保存有關這些證據的完好檔案,表明基因工程造成廣泛的“基因組”突變以及對植物自己基因許多活動變化。[12]
These widespread genetic effects are not predictable or controllable.
這些廣泛發生的遺傳效應無法預測或無法控制。
References
參考文獻:
[11] “Tools you can trust”, New Scientist, Michel Le Page, 10 June 2006
[11]“你可以信任的工具,”新科學家,作者:Michel Le Page, 2006年6月10日
[12] “Food Standards Agency news”, No. 48, June 2005. ‘The mutational consequences of plant transformation”, J Biomed Biotechnol., 2006(2):25376, Latham J.R., Wilson A.K., Steinbrecher R.A., 2006
[12]“食品標準局新聞”,第48號,2005年6月?!爸参镛D化的突變性后果”,生物醫學生物技術雜志,2006(2):25376,作者:Latham J.R., Wilson A.K., Steinbrecher R.A.,2006年
對植物轉基因與細胞相互作用調制機制學界目前遠未充分理解
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(4)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(4)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
*
The result is that the same gene can behave in 10 different ways in 10 different locations, depending on the regulatory elements it ends up next to.11 As genetic engineers cannot control where the genes end up in the plant DNA and do not know the effects of the different locations, unpredicted side effects easily occur.
其結果是,同一個基因能在10個不同的位置有10種不同的行為,取決它最終鄰近的調控元件。[11] 由于遺傳工程師無法控制其中的基因最終位于植物基因中的何處,也不知道這樣的基因處于不同位置的影響,不可預知的副作用很容易出現。
This was recently highlighted by Australian scientists who inserted a previously harmless bean protein into a pea, which then caused allergic reactions in mice.[13,14,15] Genetic engineers are unable to accurately predict and control this effect.
澳大利亞的科學家們最近強調了了這種情況,他們將一個原先無害的豆科蛋白質插入到一個豌豆中,導致這種豌豆對老鼠造成了過敏反應。[13,14,15] 遺傳工程師們未能準確預測和控制這種影響。
References
參考文獻:
[13] “Transgenic expression of bean alpha-amylase inhibitor in peas results in altered structure and
immunogenicity”, J Agric Food Chem., vol 53, pp. 9023–9030, Prescott V.E., Campbell P.M., Moore
A., Mattes J., Rothenberg M.E., Foster P.S., Higgins T.J. and Hogan S.P., 2005
[13]“大豆轉基因的表達α-淀粉酶抑制劑在改變結構和豌豆結果
免疫原性“,強Agric食品化學。,第53,第9023-9030,普雷斯科特維生素E,坎貝爾下午,摩爾答:,馬茨j的,羅森伯格ME的,福斯特聚苯乙烯,希金斯TJ和霍根S.P.,2005
[14] “GM pea causes allergic damage in mice”, NewScientists.com, Emma Young, 21 November 2005
[14] “轉基因豆導致小鼠過敏性損害”,新科學家網站(NewScientists.com),作者:Emma Young,2005年11月21日
[15] “Frankenstein peas”, Ecologist, Jeffrey Smith, March 2006
[15]“佛蘭克斯坦豆”(“Frankenstein peas”),生態學家雜志,作者:Jeffrey Smith,2006年3月
[16] “Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract”, Nature Biotechnology, vol. 22, pp. 204–209, Netherwood T., Martin-Orúe S.M., O’Donnell A.G.O., Gockling S., Graham J., Mathers J.C. and Gilbert H.J., 2004
[16]“評估人體胃腸道中的轉基因植物基因的生存”,自然生物技術雜志,第22卷,第204-209頁,作者:Netherwood T., Martin-Orúe S.M., O’Donnell A.G.O., Gockling S., Graham J., Mathers J.C. and Gilbert H.J.,2004
[17] “Fate of genetically modified maize DNA in the oral cavity and rumen of sheep”, British Journal of Nutrition, 89(2): 159-166, Duggan et al, 2003
[17]“轉基因玉米基因在綿羊口腔和瘤胃中的命運”,英國營養學雜志,89(2):159-166,作者:Duggan等,2003
[18] “Characterization of commercial GMO inserts: a source of useful material to study genome fluidity”, Poster presented at ICPMB: International Congress for Plant Molecular Biology (n°VII), Barcelona, Collonier C., Berthier G., Boyer F., Duplan M.-N., Fernandez S., Kebdani N., Kobilinsky A., Romanuk M. and Bertheau Y., 23–28 June 2003
[18]“商業性轉基因插入的特征:研究基因組的流動性的一個有用的物質來源”,在ICPMB展示的論文展板:國際植物分子生物學大會(第七屆),巴塞羅那,作者:Collonier C., Berthier G., Boyer F., Duplan M.-N., Fernandez S., Kebdani N., Kobilinsky A., Romanuk M. and Bertheau Y.,2003年6月23日至28日。
[19] “Dead babies”, Ecologist, Jeffrey Smith, December/January 2006
[19]“死嬰”,生態學家雜志,Jeffrey Smith,,2005年12月/ 2006年1月
[20] “Unstable transgenic lines illegal”, Institute of Science in Society, Mae-Wan Ho, 3 December, 2003
[20]“不穩定轉基因株系的非法性”,社會科學研究所,作者:(英籍華人)侯美婉(Mae-Wan Ho),2003年12月3日
自從“實質等同”最初由美國政府提出作為批準轉基因作物的程序以來,對這樣的程序出現了強烈的批評,認為這樣的過程根本不科學,對安全性評價來講根本不足。盡管如此,這項政策獲得通過,然后接著由歐洲和其他國家采納。
美國、歐盟對轉基因農作物官方安全評估過于狹窄
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(5)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(5)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,你們必須向人民說明你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序哪些方面“與國際接軌”同樣“過于狹窄”、過于寬松?又在哪些方面比美國、歐洲“過于狹窄”、過于寬松的安全性評估程序更加嚴密,更加有效?
你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序,是否要求并進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗?
如果中國的安全性評估程序不包括進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明不要求這樣做的詳細理由?
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Official safety assessments are far too narrow
官方安全評估過于狹窄
One of the most remarkable facts about the development of GM crops is that, despite years of immense public concern, political controversy and the developing scientific understanding of the risks of GMOs, very few of these risks are actually checked in the official regulatory approval process.
關于轉基因作物發展最引人注目的事實之一是,盡管有巨大的公眾關注、政治的爭議以及對于轉基因生物的風險的科學認識有發展,但是,官方監管機構的批準程序中對極少這些風險進行了核查。
There is a long regulatory process that requires the companies to submit considerable amounts of information, but almost none except a small sub-set of the above concerns are routinely investigated
in the process.
還有很長的監管過程,它需要公司提交的資料相當多,但幾乎沒有,除了一個小的子集的上述問題,例行調查在這個過程中。
Those opposed to GM crops generally believe that any overall assessment of the list of risks indicates that GM crops are currently far too risky to be used for food or animal feed.
反對轉基因作物的人士一般相信任何風險清單的總體評估表明,將轉基因農作物用于食品或動物飼料使用,目前風險太大。
Governments, however, have been persuaded to allow GM crops to be grown and used for food or animal feed as long as there is a ‘case-by-case’ risk assessment.
不過,政府已被說服允許轉基因農作物種植和作為食品或動物飼料,只要實施“逐案”的風險評估即可。
The problem is that the impacts of the genetic engineering process on the biology of organisms is so complex, and scientific knowledge of plant biochemistry so limited, that it is completely impossible for scientists to model and predict the actual health effects of each genetic engineering attempt.
問題是,基因工程對生物的生物學過程的影響是如此復雜,對于植物生物化學的知識是那么有限,以至科學家完全不可能對基因工程的每一個嘗試對于健康的實際影響建立模型進行預測。
動物喂食試驗是評估轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全風險的唯一可靠方法
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(6)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(6)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
*
The only way that the risks listed above could be assessed on a case-by-case basis, with some level of accuracy, would be to use animal feeding trials. This is how the safety of medical drugs and pesticides are assessed.
在逐案基礎上有一定準確度水平的對上邊列出的風險進行評估的唯一方法,是采用動物喂食試驗的方法。這也是醫學藥物與殺蟲劑安全性如何評估。
However, the biotechnology companies are not normally required to undertake such animal feeding trials in Europe, the US, or indeed anywhere.
然而,在歐洲、美國或任何地方一般不要求生物技術公司進行這種動物喂食試驗。
Although this was the initial intention of the UK and US Governments, the use of animal feeding trials for risk assessment was quickly abandoned after the first of such trials, on GM tomatoes and potatoes, found unexpected adverse effects on the animals (see later).
雖然英國和美國政府當初有這樣的意向,在對轉基因西紅柿和土豆進行這樣的動物喂食試驗發現對動物造成了意外的不良影響后,很快就放棄了進行動物喂食試驗(參看后邊的內容)。
Instead, regulators mainly rely on an assessment process that is much more limited.
相反,監管機構主要依靠一種更加有限的評估過程。
Under this approach (commonly referred to as ‘substantial equivalence’), a limited number of comparisons are made with the non-GM equivalent plant. Several of the physical characteristics of the new GM plant are compared with the non-GM variety.
在這種處理問題的途徑下(通常被稱為“實質等同”),只進行有限數量與非轉基因植物的比較。新的轉基因植物的某幾種物理特性與非轉基因品種進行比較。
Then, a chemical comparison is made. But, although plants have up to 10,000 different biochemicals, the levels of only a small number of the GM plant’s biochemicals are checked with the non-GM plant, such as key nutrients and known toxins. If the levels of these are considered ‘similar’, it is then assumed that the whole chemistry of the GM plant is similar as regards safety in almost every other way.
接著,進行化學方面比較。但是,盡管植物具有多達10,000種不同生化物質,只對轉基因植物極少數量生化物質與非轉基因植物進行比較,如主要營養物質和某些已知的毒素。如果比較中它們的水平被認為“類似”,就據此假設與安全性相關的轉基因植物化學在幾乎所有方面也全面類似。
The GM crop is considered ‘substantially equivalent’ to the non-GM plant, and no further special safety tests have to be carried out. The OECD, for example, suggested that, “If a new food or food component is found to be substantially equivalent to an existing food or food component, it can be treated in the same manner with respect to safety”. [21]
轉基因作物一旦被認為與非轉基因植物“實質上等同”,就不再必須進行任何進一步的專項安全檢查。例如,OECD(歐洲經合組織)建議說,“如果一個新的食物或食物成分被發現實質上等同于現有的食物或食物成分,它可以在安全方面以同樣的方式對待”.[21]
Under the EU assessment procedure, some other checks are required beyond this basic comparison, but the ‘substantial equivalence’ approach still rules. So, the EU usually requires testing to show whether the protein produced by the gene is toxic or allergenic. However, the safety of all the other novel proteins and biochemical by-products produced by the GMO are not usually checked. The stability of the inserted gene has to be checked, but not the stability of the whole genome and thus not the GMO as a whole. These other aspects are essentially just assumed, without any basis, to be safe. No GMO has ever been rejected under this assessment process.
根據歐盟的評估程序,還需要一些超越這種基本的比較的其他檢查,但是依然遵循這種“實質等同”做法。因此,歐盟通常要求檢測,證明基因的蛋白質是否產生毒性或過敏反應。然而,轉基因生物產生的所有其他新蛋白和生化副產品的安全性通常不再檢查。插入的基因的穩定性需要檢查,而整個基因組的穩定性,因而整體轉基因成分的穩定性,不需要進行檢查。對其他這些方面,本質上只是假設,而且是沒有任何根據基礎上的假設,認為安全。沒有任何轉基因生物體根據這樣的評估過程予以否決。
Ever since ‘substantial equivalence’ was first proposed by the US Government for approving GM crops, there has been strong criticism of this process as fundamentally unscientific and inadequate for safety assessment. In 1992, when the US Government proposed using the concept instead of animal trials, the scientific advisers of the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) did not support the Government’s policy, arguing that animal feeding trials were needed to identify undesirable effects.22
自從“實質等同”最初由美國政府提出作為批準轉基因作物的程序以來,對這樣的程序出現了強烈的批評,認為這樣的過程根本不科學,對安全性評價來講根本不足。1992年,當美國政府提出用這種“實質等同”的概念來代替進行動物試驗,美國食品和藥物管理局(FDA)的科學顧問不支持政府的這種政策,認為需要進行動物飼養試驗以確定不良影響.[22]
The policy was adopted anyway and then taken up by Europe and other countries.
盡管如此,這項政策獲得通過,然后接著由歐洲和其他國家采納。
In 2001, a review for the Canadian Government by the Royal Society of Canada concluded that, “The Panel finds the use of ‘substantial equivalence’ as a decision threshold tool to exempt GM agricultural products from rigorous scientific assessment to be scientifically unjustifiable.”23 Other scientists, writing in the eminent scientific journal Nature have described substantial equivalence as “a pseudo-scientific concept” which is inherently “anti-scientific because it was created primarily to provide an excuse for not requiring biochemical or toxicological tests”.
2001年,由加拿大皇家學會為加拿大政府進行的審查結論為:“該小組認為,將‘實質等同’作為一種決策工具門檻,用來豁免轉基因農產品通過嚴格的科學評估,在科學上毫無道理?!盵23] 其他科學家,在著名科學雜志《自然》上將這種“實質等同”的概念描述為“偽科學的概念”,認為是固有“反科學的,因為它的建立主要是為了不需要進行生化或毒性測試的借口”。
They point out that scientists are not able to reliably predict the effects of a GM food from knowledge of its chemical composition, and so active investigation of the safety and toxicity of GM crops is required.[24]
他們指出,依據目前對于轉基因化學成分的知識,科學家無法可靠地預測轉基因的影響,因而對轉基因農作物的安全性與毒性主動進行調查實屬必要。[24]
Even the former Chair of the FSA’s advisory committee, the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes (ACNFP), which until 2004 was responsible for carrying out safety assessments of GM foods, has said, “The presumption of safety of novel GM plants on the basis of substantial equivalence lacks scientific credibility.”[25]
即便FSA(食品安全局)以及ACNFP(新型食品和過程)咨詢委員會(該委員會在2004年之前負責開展轉基因食品的安全評估工作)的前主席也說,“在實質等同的基礎上,推定新型轉基因植物安全,缺乏科學可信性?!盵25]
References
參考文獻:
[21] “Safety evaluation of foods derived by modern biotechnology”, OECD, 1993
[21]“安全性評價的現代生物技術食品”,經合組織,1993年
[22] Alliance for Bio-Integrity, www.biointegrity.org
[22] “生物完整性聯盟”www.biointegrity.org,
[23] “Elements of precaution: recommendations for the regulation of food biotechnology in Canada”,
An Expert Panel Report on the Future of Biotechnology prepared by the Royal Society of Canada at the request of Health Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency and Environment Canada, The Royal Society of Canada, January 2001
[23]“預防措施的要素:對加拿大食品生物技術的監管建議”,一個專家小組根據加拿大衛生部、加拿大食品檢驗局與加拿大環境部的要求對生物技術的未來的報告,由加拿大皇家學會編寫,英國皇家學會,2001年1月
[24] “Beyond substantial equivalence”, Nature, vol. 401, pp. 525–526, Millstone E., Brunner E. and Mayer S., 1999
[24]“‘實質等同’之后”,自然雜志,第401卷,第525-526頁,作者:Millstone E., Brunner E. and Mayer S.,1999
[25] “The use of substantial equivalence in the risk assessment of GM food”, www.royalsoc.ac.uk, Janet Bainbridge, May 2001
[25] “在轉基因食品風險評估中使用‘實質等同’”,www.royalsoc.ac.uk,作者:Janet Bainbridge,2001年5月
對孟山都抗除草劑轉基因大豆安全性的評價程序低劣,沒有進行任何毒理測試。也沒有進行任何長期喂食的研究。安全性的科學證據非常脆弱。對孟山都公司的證據沒有進行能夠確定孟山都公司抗除草劑轉基因大豆安全性的任何客觀評估。
對孟山都抗除草劑“終結者”轉基因大豆安全性的評價程序低劣
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(7)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(7)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,你們必須向人民說明你們推薦的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的安全性評估程序對于從孟山都等公司巨量進口的轉基因大豆、轉基因玉米哪些方面“與國際接軌”同樣“低劣”、過于寬松?又在哪些方面比美國、歐洲“低劣”、過于寬松的安全性評估程序更加嚴密,更加有效?
你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序,是否要求并進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗?
如果中國的安全性評估程序不包括進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明不要求這樣做的詳細理由?
*
Poor safety assessment of Roundup Ready soya
對孟山都抗除草劑轉基因大豆安全性的評價程序低劣
Monsanto’s Roundup Ready soya (RR soya) is the most widely grown GM crop variety in the world and the most widely used GM crop in commercial animal feed. Its safety assessment is therefore of particular interest. ‘Roundup Ready’ soya varieties tolerate applications of Monsanto’s ‘broad spectrum’ glyphosate herbicide, Roundup, which destroys all other plants. The summary of the safety data used in the regulatory approval process is available from Monsanto’s website.[26] It does not, however, make for reassuring reading for it shows that Monsanto’s scientific case is very flimsy.
孟山都公司的“終結者”(Roundup Ready)抗除草劑轉基因大豆(RR為大豆)是最廣泛種植轉基因農作物品種,也是世界商業飼料中使用最廣泛的轉基因農作物。它的安全性評估,因此特別令人有興趣。孟山都公司的耐“終結者”抗除草劑轉基因大豆大豆品種,能夠忍受孟山都公司能夠殺滅所有其他植物的“光譜”草甘膦除草劑農達(Roundup)的應用。監管審批程序使用的安全性數據匯總可以從孟山都公司的網站獲得。[26]然而,閱讀這些數據不能堅定對于安全性的信心,反而表明孟山都公司這一案例的科學證據非常脆弱。
The new protein which the genetic modification had introduced to the soya was compared with other proteins already in the food chain, and deemed to be ‘functionally similar’. Its amino acid sequence was compared with known protein toxins and allergens, and found to be different. Monsanto then claimed that ‘compositional analyses’ established that the GM soya (as a whole) was substantially equivalent to the non-GM parent variety and other soya varieties.
經基因改造引入轉基因大豆的新的蛋白質,與食物鏈已經存在的其他蛋白質相比,被認為是“功能類似”。它的氨基酸序列與已知的蛋白質毒素和過敏原進行比較,發現它們不同。孟山度公司然而聲稱,“成分分析”確定該基因大豆(作為整體)與非轉基因大豆的父母和其他多種品種相比大體上等同。
The safety of the novel protein was assessed only in one short-term (acute) feeding trial with mice. The safety of the protein was not tested on any of the species that are now actually eating the novel protein in animal feed. The only feeding tests carried out with the soya were ‘nutritional’ feeding studies, which assessed growth rate in a variety of animals and milk production in dairy cows. No animal feeding studies were carried out which were specifically designed to determine the safety of the whole GM soya; in particular no toxicological tests were done. No long-term feeding studies were carried out.
對新的蛋白質的安全評估僅通過短期的(急速的)小鼠飼養試驗進行。在喂食試驗中,沒有通過小鼠目前實際喂食的任何大豆品種食用這種新蛋白質的方法對這種蛋白質的安全性進行試驗。采用這種轉基因大豆所進行的唯一喂食試驗 ,是“營養”喂食研究,它評估不同種類動物與奶牛產奶量的增長速度。沒有進行特別設計來確定整個轉基因大豆的安全性的任何試驗,而且,特別是沒有進行任何毒理測試。也沒有進行任何長期喂食的研究。
In the absence of such basic scientific investigations, it is clear that no objective assessment of Monsanto’s evidence could conclude that the safety of RR soya has been determined.
在缺乏這種基本的科學調查研究的情況下,顯然對孟山都公司的證據沒有進行能夠確定孟山都公司抗除草劑轉基因大豆安全性的任何客觀評估。
References
參考文獻:
[26] “Safety assessment of Roundup Ready soybean event 40–3– 2”, Monsanto, www.monsanto.com
[26] “抗‘終結者’除草劑大豆40-3-2的安全評估”,孟山都,www.monsanto.com
俄羅斯科學家用轉基因大豆喂食小鼠試驗的令人震驚結果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(8)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(8)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
*
Animal feeding tests show negative effects of GM crops
動物喂養試驗表明了轉基因作物的負面影響
The biotechnology companies frequently refer to the large number of published animal feeding studies as evidence of the safety of GM feed. However, it is important to stress that the vast majority of these are not safety studies. They are not toxicological studies, which would involve analysing the animal tissue for toxic effects, or studies of other safety aspects such as the rate of horizontal gene transfer. Instead, these studies are mostly of commercial interest, designed to evaluate the effect of the GM crops on commercial feed performance indicators, such as livestock growth rates or milk production.
生物技術公司經常提到許多動物飼養研究發表的大量論文作為轉基因飼料安全性的證據。然而,重要的是要強調,絕大部分這些研究并不是安全性研究。它們不是毒理學研究。毒理學研究涉及分析動物組織研究毒性作用,或其他安全方面的研究,如橫向基因轉移率。與此不同,這些研究絕大部分是商業利益性質的研究,這樣的研究的設計旨在評估轉基因農作物對商業飼料性能指標的影響,如牲畜的生長速度或牛奶的生產率。
In contrast, if we look at the much smaller number of genuine animal safety studies, some of which were conducted by the companies themselves, a very different and very worrying picture emerges. We summarise below the alarming findings that have now accumulated for the GM crops being used as food and animal feed.
與此相反,如果我們看看數量較小的真正的動物安全性研究,其中一些還是由(轉基因種子)公司自己進行的,那么,呈現出來的講授另外一幅非常不同與非常令人擔憂的圖景。我們在下面總結了正在積累的一些關于轉基因農作物作為食品和動物飼料的令人震驚的后果。
(i) GM soya
(一)轉基因大豆
Russian rat trial –
俄羅斯的老鼠試驗 -
A Russian scientist, Dr. Irina Ermakova, investigated the effects of feeding Roundup Ready soya to rats, with dramatic findings of apparent generational effects. A group of female rats were fed RR soya before mating, during pregnancy and during lactation. Very high mortality rates occurred in the rat pups: 56% died within three weeks of birth, compared with only 9% in the control rats fed non-GM soya.
一位俄羅斯科學家,伊莉娜•葉爾馬科娃博士(Dr. Irina Ermakova),研究了蒙山都公司抗草甘膦除草劑轉基因大豆喂養老鼠的影響,發現有明顯的代際影響結果。一組雌性鼠交配前、孕期和哺乳期喂食蒙山都公司的轉基因大豆。出生的幼鼠出現非常高的死亡率:56%死于出生后三周內,而喂食非轉基因大豆的對照組鼠的幼鼠死亡率只有9%。
Additionally, stunted growth was observed in the surviving progeny, with some of the organs in the smaller GM-fed pups being tiny in comparison with those from control groups.[27] This study has now been published.[28] Dr Ermakova was shocked by her own results and has called for further detailed investigations to be undertaken.[29]
此外,后代生存觀察到發育不良,與對照組相比,還觀察到轉基因喂養的幼鼠某些器官非常微小。[27] 該項研究已經出版。[28] 葉爾馬科娃博士被她自己的試驗結果感到震驚,呼吁進一步詳細調查研究。[29]
(The ACNFP reviewed an early draft of Ermakova’s work and said it lacked detail, in particular about the geographical origins of the GM and non-GM soya used and whether they contained mycotoxins, and said no conclusions could be drawn.30 They also claimed that her results were inconsistent with another feeding trial of RR soya which had not found any adverse effects.31 The ACNFP’s comments are seen as biased, however, as the latter study was not a valid comparison since it used male mice, not pregnant rats, and, while the ACNFP called this study “well controlled”, it had less nutritional detail than Ermakova’s study.32)
(新型食品及其加工咨詢委員會(ACNFP)對葉爾馬科娃的工作初稿進行了審查,提出該項研究報告缺乏細節,特別是關于使用的轉基因和非轉基因大豆的地理來源,以及是否包含霉菌毒素(mycotoxins),并說該項研究得不出結論。[30]他們還聲稱,她的研究結果與沒有找到任何負面影響的另外一項孟山都公司抗草甘膦除草劑轉基因大豆(RR soya)的試驗不一致。[31] 新型食品及其加工咨詢委員會(ACNFP)的這些評論被看作有偏見的,因為后者的研究不是一個有效的比較,它使用雄性小鼠,不是懷孕的雌鼠,而ACNFP將這樣一項研究稱之為“良好控制”的研究,它在營養學方面的細節反而比葉爾馬科娃的研究更少。[32])
References
參考文獻:
[27] “Genetically modified organisms and biological risks”, Proceedings of the International Disaster
Reduction Conference, Davos, Switzerland, Ermakova I.V., August–September 2006, pp.168–171
[27]“轉基因生物體和生物風險”,國際減災會議,達沃斯,瑞士,作者:Ermakova I.V.,2006年8月至9月,第168-171頁
[28] “Genetically modified soy leads to the decrease of weight and high mortality of rat pups of the first generation”, preliminary studies. EcosInform 2006, 1, 4–9 (in Russian), Ermakova IV. A fuller paper is in press: “Genetics and ecology”, in: “Actual problems of science”, Moscow, 2005, pp.53–59 (in Russian), Ermakova IV
[28]“轉基因大豆導致第一代仔鼠體重下降和的高死亡率”,初步研究報告,,EcosInform 2006年,1,4-9(俄文),作者:Ermakova IV.,。更全面待出版文件:“遺傳與生態”雜志,收錄:“科學的實際問題”,莫斯科,2005年,pp.53 - 59(俄文),作者:Ermakova IV.
[29] “Reply to ACNFP from Dr Irina Ermakova”, Irina Ermakova, www.gmwatch.org, 28 September
2006
[29]“Irina Ermakova博士對ACNFP(新型食品及其加工咨詢委員會)的回復”,Ermakova IV.,www.gmwatch.org,2006年9月28日
[30] “Statement on the effect of GM soya on new-born rats”, The Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes (ACNFP), 2005
[30]“對于轉基因大豆對新出生鼠仔影響的聲明”,新型食品及其加工咨詢委員會(ACNFP),2005
[31] “A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development”, Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 42, pp. 29–36, Brake D.G. and Evenson D.P., 2004
[31] “抗草甘膦除草劑大豆對小鼠胎兒、出生后、青春期到成年鼠睪丸發育影響的一代鼠研究”食品化學雜志,毒理學,第42卷,第29-36頁,作者:Brake D.G. and Evenson D.P.,2004
[32] “Pusztai responds to ACNFP over Ermakova”, Arpad Pusztai, www.gmwatch.org, 19 January 2006
[32]“Arpad Pusztai就Ermakova博士對ACNFP(新型食品及其加工咨詢委員會)的回復””,作者:Arpad Pusztai,www.gmwatch.org,2006年1月19日
用孟山都公司轉基因大豆喂食小鼠24個月后,科學家發現小鼠的肝臟、胰腺與睪丸細胞出現了顯著的的變化,涉及到結構變化和/或功能變化。
意大利科學家用轉基因大豆喂食小鼠試驗的令人震驚結果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(9)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(9)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,你們必須向人民說明你們推薦的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的安全性評估程序對于從孟山都等公司巨量進口的轉基因大豆、轉基因玉米哪些方面“與國際接軌”同樣“低劣”、過于寬松?又在哪些方面比美國、歐洲“低劣”、過于寬松的安全性評估程序更加嚴密,更加有效?
你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序,是否要求并進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗?
如果中國的安全性評估程序不包括進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明不要求這樣做的詳細理由?
*
Italian mouse trial –
意大利的老鼠試驗 -
One of the only long-term feeding studies carried out on GM crops was undertaken by scientists from Urbino, in Italy, and found that Roundup Ready soya affects key body organs. Mice were fed RR soya for up to 24 months. A variety of organs and body fluids were then examined. The scientists found significant cellular changes in the liver, pancreas and testes of mice, which involved structural changes and/or functional changes.[33, 34, 35, 36, 37]
唯一的一項轉基因農作物長期飼養研究由意大利Urbino地方的一些科學家進行,他們發現孟山都公司抗草甘膦除草劑轉基因大豆(RR soya)對老鼠的關鍵器官造成了影響。給小鼠喂養了24個月的孟山都公司除草劑轉基因大豆(RR soya)。然后對小鼠不同種類的器官與體液進行了檢查。這些科學家發現小鼠的肝臟、胰腺與睪丸細胞出現了顯著的的變化,涉及到結構變化和/或功能變化。[33, 34, 35, 36, 37]
The cellular changes in the liver, which metabolises toxic compounds, suggested that RR soya causes an increased metabolic rate.
對有毒化合物發揮新陳代謝作用的肝臟細胞變化表明,轉基因大豆是代謝率增加的原因。
References
參考文獻:
[33] “Fine structural analyses of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on GM soybean”, Eur. J.
Histochem., vol. 47 pp. 385–388, Malatesta M., Biggiogera M., Manuali E., Rocchi M.B.L., Baldelli B. and Gazzanelli G, 2003
[33]“轉基因大豆喂養老鼠胰腺腺泡細胞細胞核的精細結構分析”,歐洲組織化學雜志,第47卷,第385-388頁,作者:Malatesta M., Biggiogera M., Manuali E., Rocchi M.B.L., Baldelli B. and Gazzanelli G,2003
[34] “Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei
from mice fed on genetically modified soybean”, Cell Struct. Funct., vol. 27, pp. 73–180, Malatesta M., Caporaloni C., Gavaudan S., Rocchi M.B.L., Tiberi C. and Gazzanelli G., 2002
[34] “轉基因大豆喂食老鼠肝細胞核的超微結構形態計量學和免疫細胞化學分析”,細胞結構功能雜志,第27卷,第73-180頁,作者:Malatesta M., Caporaloni C., Gavaudan S., Rocchi M.B.L., Tiberi C. and Gazzanelli G.,2002
[35] “Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic acinar cells from mice fed on genetically modifed soybean”, J. Anat., vol. 201, pp. 409–416, Malatesta M., Caporaloni C., Rossi L., Battistelli S., Rocchi M.B.L., Tonucci F. and Gazzanelli G, 2002
[35]“轉基因大豆喂食老鼠胰腺腺泡細胞超微結構分析”,解剖學雜志,第201卷,第409-416頁,作者:Malatesta M., Caporaloni C., Rossi L., Battistelli S., Rocchi M.B.L., Tonucci F. and Gazzanelli G,2002
[36] “Reversibility of hepatocyte nuclear modifications in mice fed on genetically modified soybean”, Eur. J. Histochem., vol. 49, pp. 237–242, Malatesta M., Tiberi C., Baldelli B., Battistelli S., Manuali E and Biggiogera B., 2005
[36]“轉基因大豆喂食老鼠肝細胞核修改的可逆性”,歐洲組織化學雜志,第49卷,第237-242頁,作者:Malatesta M., Tiberi C., Baldelli B., Battistelli S., Manuali E and Biggiogera B.,2005
[37] “Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean’”, Eur. J. Histochem., vol. 48, pp. 449–45, Vecchio L., Cisterna B., Malatesta M., Martin T.E. and Biggiogera B., 2004
[37]“轉基因大豆飼喂小鼠睪丸的超微結構分析”,歐洲組織化學雜志,第48卷,第449-45頁,作者:Vecchio L., Cisterna B., Malatesta M., Martin T.E. and Biggiogera B.,2004
志愿者進行了食用轉基因大豆食品的試驗,科學家發現轉基因大豆中含有的整個被改造過基因的基因通過胃和小腸的過程中繼續生存,而且,一部分從轉基因食品“橫向”遷移移進入某些志愿者腸道細菌。同樣令人震驚的事實是,政府的食品安全局決定對外不披露“橫向”遷移這項關鍵性的重要事實!
英國志愿者進行食用轉基因大豆食品試驗的令人震驚結果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(10)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(10)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,你們必須向人民說明你們推薦的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的安全性評估程序對于從孟山都等公司巨量進口的轉基因大豆、轉基因玉米哪些方面“與國際接軌”同樣“低劣”、過于寬松?又在哪些方面比美國、歐洲“低劣”、過于寬松的安全性評估程序更加嚴密,更加有效?
你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序,是否要求并進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗?
如果中國的安全性評估程序不包括進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明不要求這樣做的詳細理由?
你們還應當向中國人民詳細說明,中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”,是否組織過中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”中的志愿者進行過人喂食轉基因食品試驗?如果沒有組織過這樣的試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明為什么拒絕求這樣做的詳細理由?
英國的志愿者能夠自愿進行人喂食轉基因食品試驗,中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的擁護者們為什么不敢這樣做?
方舟子,你敢不敢進行這樣的試驗?方舟子的支持者們,你們敢不敢進行這樣的試驗?
*
FSA human feeding trial –
食品安全局組織的人喂食轉基因食品試驗 -
The only published trial of GM foods on humans was carried out by Newcastle University for the Food Standards Agency, and published in 2004. It was designed to study what happens to transgenic DNA in the human gut and whether it could pass out and enter bacteria in the body, a long-standing concern. It found that the entire transgenic gene in GM soya survives the passage through the stomach and small intestine, though not through the colon.
對轉基因食品對人體影響試驗發表的論文的試驗是紐卡斯爾大學(Newcastle University)為食物標準局完成的試驗報告,它于2004年出版。該項試驗的目的是研究被基因改造過的基因(transgenic DNA)在人體腸道中發生了什么,以及它是否可以轉移出來進入人體內的細菌,這是受到長期擔心的問題。該項研究發現,轉基因大豆中含有的整個被改造過基因的基因(entire transgenic gene)通過胃和小腸的過程中繼續生存,雖然沒有通過結腸。
The study also discovered that portions of transgenic DNA had ‘horizontally’ transferred from GM food into the intestinal bacteria of some of the volunteers, which was a shocking discovery with implications for the long-term impacts of GM consumption.[16, 38] Just as shocking, however, was the fact that at the time the FSA chose not to mention this key finding in its communications on the study, thus widely giving the impression that horizontal gene transfer had not been identified in the study.
該項研究還發現,被基因改造過的基因(transgenic DNA)的一部分從轉基因食品“橫向”轉移進入某些志愿者腸道細菌,這是一項令人震驚的發現,牽連到轉基因消費的長期影響。[16,38]然而,同樣令人震驚的事實是,當時的食品安全局(FSA)決定在其關于該項試驗的通訊中不提及這向關鍵性的重要發現,因而給人該項研究中沒有發現橫向基因轉移的印象。
References
參考文獻:
[16] “Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract”, Nature Biotechnology, vol. 22, pp. 204–209, Netherwood T., Martin-Orúe S.M., O’Donnell A.G.O., Gockling S., Graham J., Mathers J.C. and Gilbert H.J., 2004
[16]“評估人體胃腸道中的轉基因植物基因的生存”,自然生物技術雜志,第22卷,第204-209頁,作者:Netherwood T., Martin-Orúe S.M., O’Donnell A.G.O., Gockling S., Graham J., Mathers J.C. and Gilbert H.J.,2004
[38] “The fate of transgenes in the human gut”, Nature Biotechnology, vol. 22, pp.170–172, Heritage J., 2004
[38]“人類腸道中轉基因的命運”,自然生物技術雜志,第22卷,第170 – 172頁,作者:Heritage J.,2004
法國科學家用轉基因玉米喂食小鼠試驗的令人震驚結果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(11)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(11)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
(ii) GM maize Monsanto rat trial –
(二)對孟山都轉基因玉米進行的老鼠試驗 -
In June 2005, after a German court ruling in favour of Greenpeace, Monsanto was forced to release the full details of its safety data for the GM maize, MON 863, which was being evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The maize had been genetically modified to produce a Bt-toxin which kills the corn rootworm, a maize pest. Monsanto’s studies showed that the Bt maize had several statistically significant effects on the rats: increased white blood cells, a drop in immature red blood cells, decreased kidney weight and increased blood sugar levels.[39, 40]
2005年6月后,在德國法院做出的判決有利于綠色和平組織后,孟山都公司被迫公布歐洲食品安全局(EFSA)正在評價自己轉基因玉米MON863有關安全性數據的全部細節。這種玉米經過基因修改以產生一種能夠殺死玉米害蟲根蟲的Bt毒素。孟山度公司的研究表明,Bt玉米對老鼠有數項顯著的影響:增加白血細胞,不成熟的紅血細胞的減少,腎臟重量降低,血糖水平增高。[39,40]
The chemical data also showed signs of toxic effects to the liver and kidney systems. Professor Gilles-Eric Séralini, a molecular endocrinologist and member of two French government commissions that evaluate GM food, said that the rats likely suffered a toxic reaction.
有關化學數據還顯示對肝臟和腎臟系統造成毒性反應的跡象。Gilles-Eric Séralini教授,一位分子內分泌學家,擔任兩個法國政府委員會評估轉基因食品的成員,他說,老鼠看來遭受了毒性反應。
A full analysis of the chemical data by Professor Séralini and his team was published in May 2007.
It states, “with the present data it cannot be concluded that GM corn MON 863 is a safe product”.41
Seralini教授和他的團隊進行全面分析的化學數據于2007年5月出版。該報告指出,“依據現在的這些數據,不能被認為轉基因玉米MON863是一個安全的產品”。[41]
The EFSA GMO Panel, nonetheless, recommended the GM maize should be approved, accepting Monsanto arguments as to why the statistically significant differences should be ignored. (The Panel has been accused of being pro-GM and having financial links to the industry. For example, according to Friends of the Earth, two of its members have appeared in industry videos promoting biotechnology). [40, 42]
盡管如此,歐洲食品安全局轉基因小組依然建議這種轉基因玉米應當獲得批準,接受了孟山都公司強調有顯著差異的這些數據應該被忽略的爭辯。(該歐洲食品安全局轉基因小組被指責為贊同轉基因并與該行業有金融聯系。例如,根據“地球之友”披露,歐洲食品安全局轉基因小組的兩名成員在該產業推動生物技術的行業視頻中曾經出現)[40,42]
Despite the EFSA’s endorsement, the EU's Council of Ministers voted to not approve the GM maize. However, the vote required a ‘qualified majority’. This was not achieved, so the Commission had the final say. It approved MON 863 on the basis of the ‘scientific advice’ of the GMO Panel, in January 2006. [40, 43]
盡管有EFSA(歐洲食品安全局)的認可,歐盟部長理事會對不批準轉基因玉米進行了投票。然而,這種投票需要達到某種“有效多數”。由于未能達到這樣的“有效多數”,因此委員會有權做出最終決定。該委員會在歐洲食品安全局轉基因小組提交的“科學建議”基礎上于2006年1月對孟山都公司的MON863轉基因玉米予以批準。[40, 43]
References
參考文獻:
[39] “13–Week Dietary Subchronic Comparison Study with MON 863 Corn in Rats Preceded by a 1-Week Baseline Food Consumption Determination with PMI Certified Rodent Diet #5002”, Monsanto’s report on its 90-day rat feeding trial of MON 863 submitted to EFSA, the European body which approves GMOs, as part of its application for approval of the maize (1139 pages), 17 December 2002,www.monsanto.com. Reviewed by Dr Arpad Pusztai for the German environment agency BfN, in September and November 2004, available on: www.gmwatch.org
[39]“喂食轉基因863玉米老鼠13周飲食亞慢性比較研究,在此之前1周喂食基礎食物,消費量由PMI認證的鼠類飲食#5002進行確定”,孟山都公司提交歐洲食品安全局(EFSA)對其采用轉基因MON863玉米喂養90天的鼠報告。歐洲食品安全局(EFSA)是歐盟批準轉基因生物體的機構,該報告為孟山都公司對其轉基因MON863玉米的申請報告(1139頁)批準應用程序的一部分。2002年12月17日,www.monsanto.com,。受德國環境局BfN委托的審評者:Arpad Pusztai博士,2004年9月與11月,可查閱:www.gmwatch.org
[40] “Cause for concern”, Ecologist, Jeffrey Smith, October 2005
[40]“令人擔憂的原因”,生態學家雜志,作者:Jeffrey Smith,2005年10月
[41] “New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity”, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 52(4): 596–602, Séralini GE, Cellier D, de Vendomois JS, May 2007
[41]“轉基因玉米喂養老鼠新的研究分析顯示大鼠肝腎毒性跡象”,環境污染毒理學雜志,52(4):596-602,作者:Séralini GE, Cellier D, de Vendomois JS,2007年5月
[42] “Throwing caution to the wind”, Friends of the Earth Europe, November 2004
[42]“潮流中要謹慎”,歐洲地球之友,2004年11月
[43] “Commission decision of 13 January 2006 authorizing the placing on the market of foods and food ingredients derived from genetically modified maize line MON 863 as novel foods or novel food ingredients under Regulation (EC) No. 258/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council
[43]“歐盟議會及其委員會2006年1月13日決定授權允許將來自轉基因MON 863玉米的食品成分依據(歐共體)歐洲議會及其委員會第258/97號規定上市作為新型食品或新型食品成分。
科學家用轉基因玉米喂食雞與小鼠試驗的令人震驚結果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(12)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(12)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
*
Aventis’s chicken and rat trials –
安萬特公司的雞和老鼠試驗 -
Aventis (since purchased by Bayer) carried out two controversial feeding trials of its herbicide- tolerant Chardon ‘Liberty Link’ (T25) maize, which it submitted for approval at the end of 1995. In a 42-day feeding trial with chickens, there was a 7% mortality rate for chickens fed the T25 maize, twice the rate of the non-GM fed chickens (10 of 140 died versus five of 140 of those fed non-GM maize).
安萬特公司(由德國拜耳公司收購之后)對其耐除草劑Chardon“自由鏈接”(T25)轉基因玉米進行了兩次有爭議的雞飼養試驗,于1995年底提交報告申請審批。在一次持續42天的雞飼養試驗中,喂食T25轉基因玉米的雞的死亡率為7%,兩倍于食用非轉基因飼料雞的死亡率(喂食轉基因玉米的140只中死亡了10只,喂食非轉基因玉米的140只中死亡了5只)。
Compositional tests revealed a significant difference in the level of fats and carbohydrate between the GM and non-GM maize, suggesting alterations in some biochemical pathways. [44]
成分測試顯示,轉基因玉米和非轉基因玉米在脂肪和碳水化合物水平有者顯著的差異,建議對某些生物化學路徑進行修改。[44]
Separately, Aventis also tested just the transgenic PAT protein which is produced by the modified maize and which gives resistance to the company’s herbicide, glufosinate. In a short-term, 14-day rat
feeding study, the effects of the isolated protein were tested on four groups of rats, two of which were fed the PAT protein, one at a low level and one at a high level.
此外,安萬特公司僅對于轉基因玉米產生的轉基因PAT蛋白進行測試,這種蛋白對這種轉基因玉米賦予了對該公司除草劑性與抗草丁膦(glufosinate)的容忍性。在較短期的14天老鼠喂食研究中,對分離蛋白的影響在四組老鼠身上進行測試,兩組喂食PAT蛋白,一組進行低水平的測試,另外一組進行高水平的測試。
The design of the studies meant that any negative effects that occurred would be obscured, unless they were very dramatic: only five male and five female rats were tested in each group (restricting the chance of establishing statistical significance for any effects), the starting weights varied by +/-20%
(rather than the usual +/-2%), and the group receiving the high level of the transgenic PAT protein had the highest starting body weights. Despite this, and the fact that the high PAT protein group showed the highest feed intake, this group ended up with the lowest body weights, significantly less than the group receiving the equivalent non-GM diet and the group receiving the low level of PAT protein. Biochemical differences and measurements of the urine volume indicated an increased metabolic load on the rats fed the PAT protein. [44]
如此設計的試驗意味著,任何負面的影響是模糊的,除非這種負面影響非常引人注目:每組老師只有五雄五雌共十只成年鼠(限制建立任何有影響統計意義的機會)進行測試,所有老鼠的起始重量不同,有多達+ / -20%的偏差(而不是通常應當控制的+ / -2%的偏差),而且,喂食高水平轉基因PAT蛋白的試驗鼠的起始體重最高。事實上,盡管喂食高水平轉基因PAT蛋白的試驗鼠的喂食量最高,該組老鼠試驗結果時的體重反而最低,比喂食同量非轉基因日食量的組與喂食低水平轉基因PAT蛋白的試驗鼠試驗結果時的體重低很多。生化差異和尿量測量表明,喂食轉基因PAT蛋白的試驗鼠的代謝負荷增加。[44]
Despite this opposing scientific evidence, T25 maize was approved for consumption by the EU in April 1998.
盡管如此負面的科學證據,歐盟1998年4月依然批準轉基因T25玉米的消費。
Liberty Link GM maize has been widely marketed in North America by Bayer Crop-Science.
“自由鏈接”(Liberty Link)轉基因玉米目前由拜耳作物科學公司(Bayer Crop-Science)在北美廣泛銷售。
References
參考文獻:
[44] “Non-suitability of genetically engineered feed for animals”, Report for the Chardon LL Hearing by Eva Novotny, Scientists for Global Responsibility, May 2002. Chardon LL Hearing: Analysis of
“The Chicken Study”, The effect of glufosinate resistant corn on growth of male broiler chickens, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of Guelph, November 2000.
Also, review in “Food safety – contaminants and toxins”, CABI Publishing, 2003
[44]“非轉基因飼料對動物的不適宜性”,為Chardon LL聽證會提交的科學家報告,作者:Eva Novotny,“全球責任”受委托的科學家,2002年5月。Chardon LL Hearing聽證會:對“雞研究”的分析,抗草銨膦除草劑玉米對雄性肉雞生長的影響,加拿大Guelph大學動物和家禽科學部,2000年11月。
英國2003年出版的對羊進行的一項研究發現,轉基因玉米被羊吃了之后,僅僅八分鐘后,插入轉基因玉米的外源基因中有些從轉基因玉米“橫向”遷移轉入羊在口腔中的細菌,導致大腸桿菌的細菌對抗生素產生抗藥性。證明插入轉基因的基因容易發生“橫向基因轉移”.
英國對轉基因玉米飼料中轉基因遷移轉入羊口腔中細菌對抗生素產生抗藥性的研究
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(13)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(13)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,你們必須向人民說明你們推薦的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的安全性評估程序對于從孟山都等公司巨量進口的轉基因大豆、轉基因玉米哪些方面“與國際接軌”同樣“低劣”、過于寬松?又在哪些方面比美國、歐洲“低劣”、過于寬松的安全性評估程序更加嚴密,更加有效?
你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序,是否要求并進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗?
如果中國的安全性評估程序不包括進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明不要求這樣做的詳細理由?
*
UK study of gene transfer in sheep –
英國對羊中轉基因遷移的研究 -
A UK study with sheep, published in 2003, found that when GM maize was eaten, after only eight minutes, some of the inserted transgenes moved out from the maize and ‘horizontally’ transferred into
the bacteria in the mouth. One of the inserted genes coded for resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin.
英國2003年出版的對羊進行的一項研究發現,轉基因玉米被羊吃了之后,僅僅八分鐘后,插入轉基因玉米的外源基因中有些從轉基因玉米“橫向”遷移轉入羊在口腔中的細菌。這種轉基因玉米中插入的基因的編碼為“抵抗抗生素卡那霉素”。
After the transgenes transferred, the E.coli bacteria were found to be resistant to the antibiotic, showing that the transgenes had integrated into the bacteria's own DNA.
轉基因“橫向”遷移轉讓后,大腸桿菌的細菌被發現對抗生素產生抗藥性,顯示出轉基因轉入了細菌的基因。
This proved that ‘horizontal gene transfer’ of inserted genes can happen relatively easily.[17]
這證明,插入轉基因的基因容易發生“橫向基因轉移”。[17]
References
參考文獻:
[17] “Fate of genetically modified maize DNA in the oral cavity and rumen of sheep”, British Journal of Nutrition, 89(2): 159-166, Duggan et al, 2003
[17]“轉基因玉米基因在綿羊口腔和瘤胃中的命運”,英國營養學雜志,89(2):159-166,作者:Duggan等,2003
孟山都公司自己進行的轉基因油菜喂食老鼠試驗令人震驚的結果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(14)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(14)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
*
(iii) GM oilseed rape
(三)轉基因油菜
Monsanto rat trials –
孟山都公司進行的老鼠試驗 -
The GM oilseed rape, GT73, has been approved in Europe since 2004, although documentation published by the US FDA shows that two of Monsanto’s rat feeding studies found statistically significant adverse effects. [45]
2004年在歐洲批準了孟山都公司GT73轉基因油菜,盡管美國FDA(美國藥物與食品管理署)公布的文件顯示,孟山都公司自己進行的兩項老鼠飼養研究都發現了顯著負面的影響。[45]
GT73 is a glyphosate-tolerant ‘Roundup Ready’ (RR)variety.
GT73是一種抗草甘膦“終結者”(RR)除草劑的品種。
The first study, carried out with a mixture of two of Monsanto’s glyphosatetolerant oilseed rape varieties, including GT73, found statistically significant decreases in terminal body weight and cumulative body weight gains in male rats (but not female rats) fed GM rape, compared to rats fed non-GM rape.
第一項研究,使用了混合有孟山都公司兩種抗草甘膦“終結者”(RR)除草劑的油菜品種,包括轉基因GT73油菜。通過試驗發現,與喂食非轉基因油菜的大鼠對照組相比,喂食轉基因油菜老鼠在試驗結束時的體重,以及雄性大鼠累積增加體重(但不是雌性),都顯著下降。
Monsanto, however, argued that there were ‘technical’ problems with the study, and repeated it.
然而,孟山都公司爭辯該項研究存在著“技術”問題,并重復進行了一遍試驗。
Interestingly, while the US FDA clearly states that statistically significant differences in the body weights of the male rats were found, the EFSA claimed that the study found no differences in body weights (though they admitted that the GM-fed rats had higher liver to body weight ratios). [46]
有趣的是,雖然美國FDA(藥物與食品管理署)清楚確認,確實發現了雄性鼠體重顯著差異,EFSA(歐洲食品安全局)依然聲稱該項研究中沒有發現體重明顯的差異(盡管他們承認,喂養轉基因飼料的大鼠的肝重量/體重的重量比較高)。[46]
The second study, conducted solely with the GT73 variety, found that rats fed this GM rape had relative liver weights that were increased up to 16% compared to those fed the non-GM parental line.
第二項研究中,單獨對轉基因GT73油菜品種進行試驗,發現喂食這種轉基因油菜老鼠的肝臟重量相對增加,與喂食非轉基因親本油菜老鼠的肝臟重量相比提高了16%。
Apparently forgetting that there had been ‘technical’ problems with the first study and that the rats had not been fed exactly the same GM rape in both studies, Monsanto argued that the results of the second study should also be ignored since the results of the two trials were ‘inconsistent’.
顯然忘記了第一項研究出現的“技術”問題,以及這兩項研究中沒有給老鼠喂食完全相同的轉基因油菜,孟山都公司再次爭辯第二項研究的結果應當忽視因為兩次試驗的結果“不一致”。
They carried out a third study which did not find any problems. [45]
他們再次進行了第三次研究,沒有發現任何問題。[45]
In August 2004, GT73 was approved for food and feed use in the EU.
2004年8月,轉基因GT73油菜被批準在歐盟用于食品和飼料使用。
References
參考文獻:
[45] Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and
Drug Administration, “Biotechnology Consultation Note to the File BNF No. 000077”, September 4,
2002
[45] 美國食品與藥品監督管理局食品安全和應用營養中心食品添加劑安全辦公室,“對BNF號000077檔案的生物技術咨詢意見”,2002年9月4日
[46] Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the Notification (Reference C/NL/98/11) for the placing on the market of herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape GT73, for import and processing, under Part C of Directive 2001/18/EC from Monsanto1
(Question N° EFSA-Q-2003-078) Opinion adopted on 11 February 2004
[46]科學委員會根據委員會要求就抗除草劑轉基因油菜GT73進入市場、進口與加工的通知(參考C/NL/98/11)對轉基因生物體的意見,依據孟山都公司2001/18/EC號指令部分C。
(問題第EFSA-Q-2003-078號)的意見2004年2月11日獲得采納
小白鼠喂食轉基因豌豆四周后,豌豆引發了老鼠身發生過敏性反應:肺組織變得紅腫。這些老鼠也對某些其他物質出現敏感,雞蛋白過敏,而那些喂食非轉基因豌豆沒有這種情況。即使喂食煮熟后的豌豆,這些老鼠仍然有過敏反應。
澳大利亞科學家用生轉基因豌豆喂食老鼠與煮熟轉基因豌豆喂食的惡果相同
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(15)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(15)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
澳大利亞科學家發現:“被引入豌豆中的基因所表達的這種新的蛋白質,與蕓豆中的蛋白質在化學上相同。然而,進一步的審查揭示,雖然轉基因豌豆中的蛋白質具有與蕓豆中的蛋白質相同的氨基酸序列,現在附在這種蛋白質上邊的糖有所不同(由于糖基化)。科學家們得出結論:“植物中的非天然蛋白質的轉基因因表達,可能導致具有免疫原性改變的結構變異合成”。換句話說,原生植物中無毒的一種蛋白質,轉入轉基因植物后的表達,并不能假設保持無毒”。
澳大利亞科學家的這種發現,不僅對全球人類更深刻轉基因農作物無法克服的越來越多危害具有世界科學意義,對于更深刻認識生物體相同物質處于生物體微觀結構不同位置可能具有不同生物化學作用,而且對于中國中藥現代化必須反思的“中藥現代化=中藥西藥化”誤區有重大科學意義。
許多中藥的現代化主要采取篩選提純“有效物質”的途徑,將中藥藥方不同種類配伍藥棄置不用,同時將許多植物性中藥原生態的必要性棄置不用。
殊不知許多中藥藥方中經過篩選提純的“有效物質”之所以“有效”,不僅與配伍藥中許多看起來沒有什么作用的“無用物質”有關,而且與這種“有效物質”與植物性中藥原生態中許多相互依存的看起來沒有什么作用的“無用物質”有關。
本顧問為此建議,中藥界應當對所有采取“中藥西藥化”的所有“中藥現代化”成果重新審查!
澳大利亞科學家還發現“即使喂食煮熟后的轉基因豌豆,這些老鼠仍然有過敏反應?!?/p>
希望這項發現對于人們更深刻認清轉基因農作物與轉基因食品不可克服的危害至少具有敲響警鐘的作用!
*
(iv) GM peas
(四)轉基因豌豆
Australian mice trial –
澳大利亞進行的小鼠試驗 -
The results of recently published research by Australian scientists on the safety of GM peas raises serious questions about the safety of GM crops in general. The researchers inserted a gene, normally found in kidney beans, to peas to make them resistant to the pea weavil, and then fed the GM peas to mice for four weeks. The peas triggered allergic reactions in the mice: the lung tissue became inflamed. The mice also became sensitive to other substances, reacting to egg white, whereas those fed non-GM peas did not. Even after cooking the peas, the mice still had an allergic reaction.[13, 14, 15]
澳大利亞科學家對轉基因豌豆的安全最近公布的研究結果,引起人們對轉基因作物一般性的安全提出許多嚴重的問題。研究人員對豌豆插入一個基因,通常是在蕓豆中發現的一種基因,使他們以抗豌豆豌豆象甲蟲(peaweavil),然后用這種轉基因豌豆對小白鼠喂食四周。豌豆引發了老鼠身發生過敏性反應:肺組織變得紅腫。這些老鼠也對某些其他物質出現敏感,雞蛋白過敏,而那些喂食非轉基因豌豆沒有這種情況。即使喂食煮熟后的轉基因豌豆,這些老鼠仍然有過敏反應。[13, 14, 15]
This was considered a surprising result as the mice did not have an allergic reaction to non-GM peas or to the kidney beans, and because the new protein being expressed by the introduced gene in the peas was chemically identical to the protein in the kidney beans. Closer examination, however, revealed that although the protein in the GM peas had an identical amino acid sequence to the protein in beans, there were now differences in the sugars attached to it (due to glycosylation).
這被認為是一個令人驚訝的結果,因為老鼠對非轉基因豌豆或蕓豆沒有這種過敏反應,而且由于,被引入豌豆中的基因所表達的這種新的蛋白質,與蕓豆中的蛋白質在化學上相同。然而,進一步的審查揭示,雖然轉基因豌豆中的蛋白質具有與蕓豆中的蛋白質相同的氨基酸序列,現在附在這種蛋白質上邊的糖有所不同(由于糖基化)。
The scientists concluded that “transgenic expression of non-native proteins in plants may lead to the synthesis of structural variants possessing altered immunogenicity”. [13] In other words, a protein which is non-toxic in its native plant cannot be assumed to remain nontoxic when transferred and expressed in a GM plant– yet this is precisely what has been assumed by regulators so far.
科學家們得出結論:“植物中的非天然蛋白質的轉基因因表達,可能導致具有免疫原性改變的結構變異合成”。[13] 換句話說,原生植物中無毒的一種蛋白質,轉入轉基因植物后的表達,并不能假設保持無毒 --
The ‘substantial equivalence’ approach does not assess the possibility of such harmful glycosylation occurring.
在“實質等同”的做法并沒有評估這種有害的糖基化發生的可能性。
References
參考文獻:
[13] “Transgenic expression of bean alpha-amylase inhibitor in peas results in altered structure and
immunogenicity”, J Agric Food Chem., vol 53, pp. 9023–9030, Prescott V.E., Campbell P.M., Moore
A., Mattes J., Rothenberg M.E., Foster P.S., Higgins T.J. and Hogan S.P., 2005
[13]“大豆轉基因的表達α-淀粉酶抑制劑在改變結構和豌豆結果
免疫原性“,強Agric食品化學。,第53,第9023-9030,普雷斯科特維生素E,坎貝爾下午,摩爾答:,馬茨j的,羅森伯格ME的,福斯特聚苯乙烯,希金斯TJ和霍根S.P.,2005
[14] “GM pea causes allergic damage in mice”, NewScientists.com, Emma Young, 21 November 2005
[14] “轉基因豆導致小鼠過敏性損害”,新科學家網站(NewScientists.com),作者:Emma Young,2005年11月21日
[15] “Frankenstein peas”, Ecologist, Jeffrey Smith, March 2006
[15]“佛蘭克斯坦豆”(“Frankenstein peas”),生態學家雜志,作者:Jeffrey Smith,2006年3月
美國Calgene公司喂食轉基因西紅柿老鼠試驗中,兩位專家分別對每組20只老鼠的兩組老鼠中,在一組中確定了4只鼠腸壁病變,另一組中確定了7只鼠有病變。另外一次試驗中,除了再次發現老鼠腸壁病變外,40只喂食轉基因西紅柿老鼠中有7只鼠在兩周內死亡。孟山都公司后來在1997年購得這個Calgene公司的全部股權。
美國科學家用轉基因番茄喂食老鼠的令人震驚惡果
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(16)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(16)
陳一文譯([email protected])
*
陳一文顧問按:
面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,你們必須向人民說明你們推薦的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的安全性評估程序對于從孟山都等公司巨量進口的轉基因大豆、轉基因玉米哪些方面“與國際接軌”同樣“低劣”、過于寬松?又在哪些方面比美國、歐洲“低劣”、過于寬松的安全性評估程序更加嚴密,更加有效?
你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序,是否要求并進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗?
如果中國的安全性評估程序不包括進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明不要求這樣做的詳細理由?
*
(v) GM tomatoes
(五)轉基因西紅柿
Calgene mice trials –
(美國)Calgene公司進行的小鼠試驗 -
Unpublished trials with GM Flavr Savr tomatoes commissioned by the company Calgene and submitted to the US FDA in order to gain approval for the first GM food, found that mice fed the tomatoes developed lesions in the gut wall. In a 28-day trial, groups of 40 rats were fed GM tomato or a control diet.
尚未發表的受Calgene公司委托為申請作為第一項轉基因食品提交給美國FDA(藥物與食品管理署)的對轉基因Flavr Savr西紅柿進行的試驗,發現食用這種轉基因西紅柿的老鼠發生了腸壁病變。在為期28天的試驗中,對40個老鼠的動物組喂食了轉基因西紅柿或受控喂食。
(譯者注:孟山都公司后來在1997年購得Calgene公司全部股權,使其成為孟山都公司的全資子公司)
Out of 20 female rats fed the GM tomato, lesions were identified in four and seven rats, by two expert groups respectively.
在喂食轉基因西紅柿的每組20只雌性大鼠的試驗組中,兩位專家分別對兩組老鼠中,在一組中確定了四只鼠有病變,另一組中確定了七只鼠有病變。
No such effects were found in the control rats. The FDA requested another study to be carried out. Lesions occurred again (2 of 15 rats) and, additionally, seven out of 40 (17.5%) of the rats fed the GM tomatoes died within two weeks. [47]
沒有這樣的影響,發現在控制組。美國FDA(藥物與食品管理署)要求再進行另一次研究。再次進行的試驗中再次發生病變(試驗了15只鼠,發現2只鼠有病變),而且除此之外,40只喂食轉基因西紅柿的老鼠中七只鼠在兩周內死亡。[47]
Following this, the biotechnology industry and US Government agreed to instead use the ‘substantial equivalence’ concept for approving GM crops, rather than animal feeding trials.
在此之后,生物技術產業與美國政府同意對轉基因農作物采納“實質等同”的概念,而不再采用動物喂食試驗的方式。
Calgene's Flavr Savr tomato and Zeneca's similar GM tomato variety were approved by the FDA in mid-1994.
結果,Calgene公司的轉基因Flavr Savr番茄以及Zeneca公司類似的轉基因番茄品種在1994年獲得了美國FDA(藥物與食品管理署)的批準。
Both varieties were also cleared for sale in the UK, although only Zeneca's (then AstraZeneca) product was sold, as tomato paste until June 1999.
后來,這兩個品種在英國排除障礙上市銷售,盡管只有Zeneca公司(當時稱為AstraZeneca)的產品以番茄醬的方式銷售,一直到1999年6月。
References
參考文獻:
[47] Unpublished studies carried out for Calgene and at the request of the FDA respectively, in early
1990s, in reviewed “Food safety – contaminants and toxins”, CABI Publishing, 2003
[47]為Calgene并根據FDA(美國食品與藥物管理署)90年代初期的要求完成的待發表的研究報告,在審查“食品安全 - 污染物和毒素”,CABI出版社,2003
在英國的第一個喂食轉基因飼料動物試驗中發現了與前邊介紹的轉基因西紅柿類似的大鼠腸壁病變。主持該項試驗的有社會責任感的英國科學家Arpad Pusztai博士1999年發表了研究報告,堅持要求必須對轉基因農作物進行動物喂食試驗,為此最終失去了他的工作。
英國科學家發現轉基因土豆造成試驗老鼠腸壁病變,堅持必須進行動物喂食試驗
(英國)土壤協會公布的研究報告:轉基因農作物對健康的影響(17)
GM crops -- the health effects, A report by the Soil Association, UK(17)
陳一文譯([email protected])
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陳一文顧問按:
面對全球人類持續安全健康生存與繁衍的問題,轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的“專家們”沒有資格沉默不語,你們必須向人民說明你們推薦的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品的安全性評估程序對于從孟山都等公司巨量進口的轉基因大豆、轉基因玉米哪些方面“與國際接軌”同樣“低劣”、過于寬松?又在哪些方面比美國、歐洲“低劣”、過于寬松的安全性評估程序更加嚴密,更加有效?
你們推薦實施的中國轉基因農作物、轉基因食品安全性評估程序,是否要求并進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗?
如果中國的安全性評估程序不包括進行長期、連續多代動物喂食試驗的話,你們必須向中國人民詳細說明不要求這樣做的詳細理由?
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(vi) GM potatoes
(六)轉基因土豆
UK rat trials –
英國進行的老鼠試驗 -
Similar results to GM tomatoes were found by the first animal feeding trial in the UK, and with the same consequence. GM potatoes were famously found to cause lesions in the gut wall of rats in a controlled trial by Dr Arpad Pusztai, working at the Rowett Research Institute in Scotland.
在英國的第一個喂食轉基因飼料動物試驗中發現了與前邊介紹的轉基因西紅柿類似的結果與同樣的后果。在蘇格蘭Rowett研究所工作的Arpad Pusztai博士從事的對照試驗中,轉基因馬鈴薯導致在大鼠腸壁病變非常知名。
The findings, which were publicized in 1998, caused major controversy and misinformation was widely spread by proponents of GM crops that the trials had not been controlled.
1998年公布的調查結果,造成了重大的爭議,轉基因農作物的支持者廣泛傳播誤解性的信息,稱這次試驗并非很好對照控制。
Pusztai’s studies had been commissioned by the UK Government in order to develop a protocol for
using animal feeding trials for the risk assessment of GM crops, so the findings should have been taken very seriously.
Pusztai博士的研究是英國政府委托的研究,以制定通過動物喂食試驗對轉基因農作物的風險評估的條例,所以該項試驗的結果應該予以非常認真對待。
Instead, Pusztai was suspended, gagged, and eventually lost his job.
相反,Pusztai被“掛起來”,“封口”,并最終失去了他的工作。
The UK Government abandoned its plan to require animal feeding trials and instead followed the US Government’s policy of relying primarily on ‘substantial equivalence’.
英國政府放棄了他們原先計劃規定要求進行的動物喂食試驗,并與此相反尾隨美國政府依賴“實質等同”為主的政策。
Pusztai’s study was published in the Lancet medical journal, [48] which recommended that it be repeated. To this day, this has not been done.
Pusztai博士的研究結果發表在醫學雜志“柳葉刀”,[48]建議必須繼續進行動物喂食試驗。到今天為止,依然沒有這樣做。
References
參考文獻
[48] “Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine’”, vol. 354, pp. 1353–1354, Ewen S.W. and Pusztai A., 1999
[48]“對含有轉基因馬鈴薯日常飲食反映的雪花蓮凝血劑對大鼠小腸的影響”,第354卷,第1353至1354頁,作者:Ewen S.W. and Pusztai A.,1999.
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