三則轉基因作物在歐洲的不幸遭遇：行動比語言更響亮 　　

翻譯：半解一知半解     時間：2011年8月18日　　

序： 為什么絕大部分歐洲人會抵制轉基因呢？一是因為歐洲人受到過幾次食品安全事件的打擊，知道食品安全馬虎不得，二是因為歐洲有獨立的科學家做過轉基因的安全與毒害實驗，結果發現轉基因有巨大的毒害。所以，盡管美國政府和轉基因財團對歐洲一直保持高壓，但其轉基因作物之門開了一條縫以后又關上了，現在是全歐洲禁止種植轉基因作物，而且歐洲議會允許成員國單獨立法禁止轉基因。當然，也有一些歐洲好貓不顧轉基因的巨大危害，試圖把轉基因歐洲化，或者以實驗的名義偷種轉基因作物，下面三則故事就是歐洲好貓們引發的，可見，轉基因與反轉基因在歐洲的較量將是長期和激烈的。　　

一、匈牙利政府依法埋葬了所有的轉基因玉米　　

匈牙利銷毀了所有的轉基因玉米地　　

2011年7月13日　　

匈牙利已加快步伐努力清除孟山都的轉基因產品。這可能是抽向孟山都的又一記耳光。今年三月份生效的新法規規定：種子必須經過轉基因檢測后才能推向市場。不幸的是，有一些轉基因種子是在農民們不知情的情況下購買的。　　

匈牙利農村發展部副國務秘書Lajos Bognar說，被發現的約1000英畝(注：約6070畝)種植的轉基因玉米種子被銷毀。Lajos Bognar說，轉基因玉米被犁倒掩埋起來，并補充說，花粉沒有擴散。　　

與幾個歐盟成員國不同的是，匈牙利禁止轉基因種子。Bognar說，盡管種子商必須依法確保他們的產品是非轉基因的，但檢查還會繼續進行。　　

給農民補償幾乎不可能　　

在調查過程中，檢查人員在播種的種子里發現了先鋒公司和孟山都的產品。　　

Bonar說，歐盟成員國之間貨物自由移動意味著當局不會調查種子是如何進入匈牙利的，但他們會在能夠發現貨物的地方進行檢查。當地公眾電臺報道說，兩大國際最大的種子生產公司在事件中受到影響，在匈牙利，可能已經播種了成千上萬公頃轉基因種子。　　

由于剛發現種下的是轉基因種子，多數當地農民有怨言。由于時令已過，栽種新種子為時已晚，所以本年度的收成就損失掉了。　　

讓這些農民雪上加霜的是，在巴蘭尼亞縣的種子經銷公司正在破產清算中，因此，即使國際種子生產商提供了補償，也會主要是償付給公司的債權人，而不是那些農民。　　

(來源：英國國際商務時報)　　

二、匈牙利進一步限制轉基因作物的種植　　

2011年7月28日　　

匈在一次記者招待會上，政府發言人索爾坦。科瓦奇(Zoltán Kovács)說， 牙利政府將懲罰種植和銷售轉基因（GMO）種子的行為，并處高達20億福林（750萬歐元）的罰款。　　

科瓦奇說，政府將補償最近發現的種植轉基因種子給農民造成的任何損害。　　

農村發展部Endre Kardeván的國務秘書上周說，到7月21日止，官員發現了5000多公頃(注：75000畝)的土地上種有轉基因種子，其中主要是轉基因玉米，并下令銷毀了這些作物。 　　

Kardeván補充說，匈牙利堅持捍衛其非中介非轉基因地位和將采取嚴格措施堅持到底。 　　

資料來源：布達佩斯商業雜志　　

三、德國的轉基因試驗田被破壞　　

轉基因土豆與小麥試驗田被破壞　　

2011年7月12日　　

“野蠻、有針對性的襲擊”　　

2011年7月9日和11日夜晚，身份不明的攻擊者使用野蠻的暴力制服警衛，破壞了兩個由德國研究部資助的兩塊涉及轉基因作物的試驗田。羅斯托克附近的Gross Lüsewitz試驗田與（薩克森-安哈爾特州）的Üplingen試驗田是用來探索新的風險評估方法。這次人為破壞的損壞價值數十萬歐元。　　

幾個蒙面襲擊者在試驗田里擊敗了警衛并把他們扣押起來。據項目負責人克斯廷.施密特（生物創新公司）說，這次襲擊有針對性和很野蠻。在一次襲擊中，攻擊者配有棒球棒和胡椒噴霧劑；在另一次襲擊中， 他們拿走了警衛的手機，戳破了他的汽車輪胎，用大燈將其致盲。　　

部分被破壞的轉基因土豆和小麥試驗田屬于一個涉及中小企業、大學和德國聯邦教育與研究部（BMBF）資助的聯合項目。根據項目合作方英格.布洛爾（羅斯托克大學）所說，BioOK(生物安全)的目的，即“創新區域增長極”，是要讓轉基因作物的審批程序更便宜、更安全并更有效率。該項目計劃為審批轉基因作物開發出一個聯合檢測系統，以取代目前的風險評估過程中縮使用的許多不同的耗時長久的分析方式。　　

被搗毀的的土豆能為塑料制造產生一種名為藻青素的原料。這種原料有可能取代石油用作塑料生產原料。轉基因小麥是由瑞士的蘇黎世聯邦理工學院（ETH）開發的，能抗某些真菌病害。　　

根據布洛爾所說，目前只有國際大農業公司才能承擔轉基因作物的審批過程，這要花費10年的時間和1千萬歐元。而新的風險評估方法能夠把審批費用減少到連歐洲中小植物育種公司也能負擔得起的程度。“目前市場上大公司對轉基因作物的統治地位是轉基因對手的主要批評方面之一。而被毀壞的兩塊試驗田立的作物都來自于增長極項目，所以這種破壞是毫無意義的。“破壞是對改善審批過程的一種嚴重挫折。　　

破壞作物事件增加了　　

據德國植物育種協會（BDP）公布的統計數據，近年來破壞作物事件顯著增加。 2009年，激進的反轉基因反人士破壞了德國大約一半的試驗田。Gross Lüsewitz的試驗田在2009年已經被破壞過一次，而肇事者沒有被繩之以法。今年，共16塊試驗田已經被破壞6塊。在2005年和2010年間，聯邦刑警局共記錄了210起與轉基因有關的政治動機犯罪行為。克斯廷.施密特的觀點的觀點認為，關于轉基因，各政黨之間幾乎普遍恐懼的政策可能鼓勵犯罪行為。　　

在2010年的一份公開呼吁書中，德國所有進行轉基因作物田間試驗的機構警告要注意反轉基因運動更加激進的行為，并呼吁對破壞作物者要予以系統的刑事檢控。他們聲稱，德國作為研究重地，破壞事件的負面影響已經見效了：試驗田的數量已經從2007年的80塊下降到現在只有16塊。同時，越來越多的研究機構和植物育種公司把他們的研究活動遷到國外進行。　　

幾乎所有政黨的政治家都譴責了這些襲擊事件。德國綠黨的農業和自然保護小組的一位女發言人克勞迪亞.舒爾茨說，她能理解破壞者們的動機，因為有沒有辦法防止在德國的轉基因試驗田。她補充說：“不過，破壞作物適得其反，于事無補。”　　

(來源：德國轉基因安全網)　　

Hungary destroys all GMO maize fields　　

13 Jul 2011　　

In an effort to rid the country of Monsanto's GMO products, Hungary has stepped up the pace. This looks like its going to be another slap in the face for Monsanto. A new regulation was introduced this March which stipulates that seeds are supposed to be checked for GMO before they are introduced to the market. Unfortunately, some GMO seeds made it to the farmers without them knowing it.　　

Almost 1000 acres of maize found to have been grown with genetically modified seeds have been destroyed throughout Hungary, deputy state secretary of the Ministry of Rural Development Lajos Bognar said. The GMO maize has been ploughed under, said Lajos Bognar, but pollen has not spread from the maize, he added.　　

Unlike several EU members, GMO seeds are banned in Hungary. The checks will continue despite the fact that seed traders are obliged to make sure that their products are GMO free, Bognar said.　　

During their investigation, controllers have found Pioneer and Monsanto products among the seeds planted.　　

The free movement of goods within the EU means that authorities will not investigate how the seeds arrived in Hungary but they will check where the goods can be found, Bognar said. Regional public radio reported that the two biggest international seed producing companies are affected in the matter and GMO seeds could have been sown on up to thousands of hectares in the country.　　

Most of the local farmers have complained since they just discovered they were using GMO seeds. With season already under way, it is too late to sow new seeds, so this year’s harvest has been lost.　　

And to make things even worse for the farmers, the company that distributed the seeds in Baranya county is under liquidation. Therefore, if any compensation is paid by the international seed producers, the money will be paid primarily to that company's creditors, rather than the farmers.　　

Hungary further constrains GMO cropping　　

//28 Jul 2011 　　

Hungary's government will penalize planting and distribution of genetically modified (GMO) seeds with fines of up to HUF 2 billion (7.5 million), government spokesman Zoltán Kovács said in a press conference.　　

Kovács said the government will refund any damages caused to farmers by recently discovered GMO seed planting.　　

By July 21, officials had found more than 5,000 hectares of land sown with GMO seeds, mostly maize, and ordered the destruction of the crops, state secretary of the Rural Development Ministry Endre Kardeván said last week.　　

Hungary insists on maintaining its GMO-free status and will take strict measures to keep it that way, Kardeván added.　　

Source: Budapest Business Journal　　

Field trials with GM potatoes and wheat destroyed　　

“Brutal, targeted attack”　　

Jul 12, 2011　　

On the nights of 9 and 11 July 2011, two field trials funded by the German Ministry of Research involving genetically modified plants were destroyed by unknown attackers, who used brutal violence against the guards. The trials in Gross Lüsewitz near Rostock and in Üplingen (Saxony-Anhalt) were being used to develop new risk assessment methods. The vandalism caused damage worth hundreds of thousands of euros. 　　

Several masked attackers overpowered the guards at the trial sites and held them. According to Project Leader Kerstin Schmidt (biovativ GmbH), the attack was targeted and brutal. In one case, the attackers were armed with bats and pepper spray; in another they took the guard’s mobile phone, stabbed his car tyres and blinded him with headlights.　　

Part of the destroyed trials with GM potatoes and wheat belonged to a joint project involving SMEs and universities and funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The aim of BioOK, an ‘innovative regional growth pole’, is to make the approval processes for GM plants cheaper, safer and more effective, according to project partner Inge Broer (University of Rostock). The project is developing an integrated testing system for the approval of GM plants to replace many of the different time-consuming analyses involved in the current risk assessment process.　　

The destroyed potatoes produce a raw material for plastic manufacture called cyanophycin. This could replace oil as a raw material in plastic production. The genetically modified wheat was developed by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich and is resistant to certain fungal diseases.　　

According to Broer, only large international agricultural corporations can currently afford the approval process for GM crops, which lasts up to ten years and costs over EUR 10 million. The new risk assessment methods would make it possible to reduce approval costs to a level that even small and medium-sized European plant breeders could afford. “The current dominant position of large corporations on the market for GM crops is one of the key criticisms made by genetic engineering opponents. So it makes no sense at all that the trials destroyed at both sites were the ones from the growth pole project.” The destruction is a severe setback to the improvement of the approval process.　　

Crop destruction incidents increasing　　

According to statistics published by the German Plant Breeders’ Association (BDP), there has been a significant increase in crop destructions in recent years. In 2009, around half of all field trials in Germany were destroyed by radical genetic engineering opponents. The trial field in Gross Lüsewitz had already been destroyed once in 2009 without the perpetrators being brought to justice. This year, six out of a total of 16 field trials have already been destroyed. The Federal Criminal Police Office registered a total of 210 politically motivated criminal acts between 2005 and 2010 in conjunction with genetic engineering. Kerstin Schmidt expressed the opinion that an almost universal policy of fear with regard to genetic engineering across all political parties could encourage criminal acts.　　

In a public appeal in 2010, all the German institutions conducting field trials with GM plants warned against a further radicalisation of the anti-genetic engineering movement and called for systematic criminal prosecution of crop destroyers. The negative impacts of the destructions for Germany as a research location were, they claimed, already visible: the number of field trials has fallen from 80 in 2007 to just 16. At the same time, research institutes and plant breeders are increasingly moving their research activities abroad.　　

Politicians from almost all political parties condemned the attacks. Claudia Schulz, the spokeswoman for the agriculture and nature conservation group within the German Green Party, said she could understand the crop destroyers’ motivation because there was no way of preventing genetic engineering trials in Germany. “However,” she added, “crop destructions are counter-productive and never help”.　　

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