阿根廷噴灑的草甘膦除草劑從1990年到2012年增加了9倍。政府調查在兒童血樣的80%發現農藥殘留。在圣菲省，癌癥發生率達到全國癌癥發生率平均水平的2倍到4倍。在Chaco省，生育畸形十年期間增加到4倍!布宜諾斯艾利斯大學分子生物學家卡拉斯闊博士說，化學品混合物配方作用令人擔憂，但即便單獨草甘膦對人類健康也造成麻煩：非常低劑量的草甘膦注射到胚胎中造成青蛙與雞脊椎畸形，與醫生們越來越多發現的新生兒畸形狀態類似。“如果有可能在實驗室中重復這樣的過程，那么在實際狀態下發生這種情況的可能性更加嚴重”。威爾森納希博士決定找出阿根廷醫院中癌癥、新生兒畸形與流產劇增后邊的原因。2010年以來，一家一戶進行的流行病學研究考察了圣菲省65,000人，發現不同地區乳房癌、前列腺癌、肺癌等癌癥發生率達到全國平均水平兩倍到四倍。

　　Argentina's Genetically Engineered Hell

　　阿根廷的轉基因地獄災難

　　http://www.gmeducation.org/food-and-health/p216779-argentina-s-genetically-engineered-hell.html

　　轉載自(美國)轉基因教育網站 2013年10月22日發布的節錄文章

　　Doctors are warning that uncontrolled pesticide applications could be the cause of devastating health problems among the 12 million people who live in Argentina's farm belt. News agency Associated Press has compiled a report which makes appalling reading. The following edited extracts highlight the human costs of Argentina's GM 'miracle.'

　　醫生警告農藥失控濫用可能是阿根廷密集種植農業區域1200萬人災難性健康問題的根源。美聯社撰寫了一篇閱讀起來令人恐懼的報告。下邊編輯節錄的內容揭示阿根廷轉基因“奇跡”的人類健康代價。

　　Schoolteacher Andrea Druetta lives in Santa Fe Province, the heart of Argentina's soy country, where agrochemical spraying is banned within 500 meters (550 yards) of populated areas.

　　安德里·德魯塔，一位學校老師居住在圣菲省，阿根廷大豆種植區域核心地帶，那里禁止在居民區500公尺距離范圍噴灑農業化學品。

　　But soy is planted just 30 meters (33 yards) from her back door. Her boys were showered in chemicals recently while swimming in the backyard pool.

　　但是，大豆一直種植到她家后門30公尺處。她的兒子們在后院池塘游泳時被噴灑了農業化學品。

　　After Sofia Gatica lost her newborn to kidney failure, she filed a complaint that led to Argentina's first criminal convictions for illegal spraying. But last year's verdict came too late for many of her 5,300 neighbours in Ituzaingo Annex.

　　索菲亞·尕提卡的新生兒因腎衰竭死亡后，她起訴了噴灑農藥者，成為阿根廷對于非法噴灑農藥犯罪起訴第一案。但是，對于她Ituzaingo Annex地方5,300位鄰居而言，去年的裁決來的太遲。

　　A government study there found alarming levels of agrochemical contamination in the soil and drinking water, and 80 percent of the children surveyed carried traces of pesticide in their blood.

　　一項政府調查發現土壤中與飲水中檢測到令人警覺水平的農業化學品污染，還發現進行了檢測的兒童的血液中80%發現農藥殘留。

　　In Santa Fe, cancer rates are two times to four times higher than the national average. In Chaco, birth defects quadrupled in the decade after biotechnology dramatically expanded farming in Argentina.

　　在圣菲省，癌癥發生率達到全國癌癥發生率平均水平的2倍到4倍。在Chaco省，阿根廷轉基因作物迅速擴展以后，生育畸形十年期間增加到4倍！

　　"The change in how agriculture is produced has brought, frankly, a change in the profile of diseases," says Dr. Medardo Avila Vazquez, a paediatrician and neonatologist who co-founded Doctors of Fumigated Towns, part of a growing movement demanding enforcement of agricultural safety rules. "We've gone from a pretty healthy population to one with a high rate of cancer, birth defects, and illnesses seldom seen before."

　　“農業中農產品生產方式的改變帶來，坦率的說，疾病構成的變化”，梅達拉多·阿維拉·瓦奎斯醫生說，他是兒科醫生與新生兒學專家，合作創立了《受農藥熏蒸市鎮的醫生》，要求強化農業安全法規運動的一部分。“我們已經從原本相當健康人民，變成了癌癥、新生兒畸形與過去少見疾病高發病率”。

　　The pall of poison

　　毒影籠罩之下

　　GMO technology and the toxic herbicides and pesticides that go with it have turned Argentina into the world's third-largest soybean producer. Today, its entire soy crop and nearly all its corn and cotton are genetically modified, with soy cultivation alone tripling to 47 million acres (19 million hectares).

　　轉基因技術以及伴隨的有毒除草劑和農藥，將阿根廷變成世界第三大大豆生產國。今天，阿根廷種植的大豆、玉米與棉花幾乎全部是轉基因作物，大豆種植面積高達4700萬英畝（1900萬公頃）。

　　But the chemicals powering the boom aren't confined to soy and cotton and corn fields. The Associated Press documented dozens of cases around the country where poisons are applied in ways unanticipated by regulatory science or specifically banned by existing law.

　　但是，驅動轉基因作物大規模種植的農業化學品不限于對轉基因大豆、棉花與玉米農田的噴灑。美聯社收集到數十個案例，表明這些毒性農用化學品正在以監管性科學未曾預料的方式以及現有法律禁止的方式使用。

　　l The spray drifts into schools and homes and settles over water sources; farm workers mix poisons with no protective gear; villagers store water in pesticide containers that should have been destroyed.

　　l 噴灑的農藥漂流進入學習與居民區，落到水源區域；農業工人混合這些毒性化學品時不戴任何保護性裝置；農村居民用毒性農藥容器儲存水，而不是將它們處理掉。

　　l Spraying is banned within 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) of populated areas in some provinces and as little as 50 meters (55 yards) in others. About one-third Argentina’s provinces set no limits at all, and most lack detailed enforcement policies.

　　l 某些省規定禁止在居民區距離3公里范圍內噴灑有毒農用化學品，有些省份規定的禁止噴灑距離范圍卻只有50工程。阿根廷大約三分之一的省對此沒有任何限制，而且絕大部分省份缺乏強制性政策。

　　l With soybeans selling for about $500 a ton, growers plant where they can, often disregarding guidelines and provincial law by spraying without giving advance warning, and even in windy conditions.

　　l 大豆每噸售價500美元情況下，種植者在能夠種植的所有地方進行種植，往往忽視相關的指導原則與省法規，噴灑時不提前告知，甚至在刮風條件下也這樣。

　　l In Entre Rios, teachers reported that sprayers failed to respect 50-metre (55-yard) limits at 18 schools, dousing 11 during class. Five teachers filed police complaints this year.

　　l 在Entre Rios地方，老師們報告：農業化學品噴灑者在18個學校周圍不尊重50公尺禁止噴灑的規定，甚至在11個學校上課時繼續噴灑。僅今年，已經有五位老師對此向警察提出舉報。

　　l Druetta also filed complaints in Santa Fe, alleging that students fainted when pesticides drifted into their classrooms and that their tap water is contaminated. She is struggling to get clean drinking water into her school, she said, while a neighbour keeps a freezer of rabbit and bird carcasses, hoping someone will test them to see why they dropped dead after spraying.

　　l 德魯特老師在圣菲向警察也提出這樣的舉報，申訴她的學生們因噴灑的農藥漂流進入課堂而昏厥，同時造成自來水污染。她努力保證學校能夠提供清潔的飲用水，一位鄰居在冰箱中保存著兔子和鳥的尸體，希望有人能夠檢測它們，確認它們為什么在農藥噴灑后落地而死。

　　l Buenos Aires forbids loading or hosing off spraying equipment in populated areas, but in the town of Rawson, it's done directly across the street from homes and a school, with the run-off flowing into an open ditch.

　　l 阿根廷的首都布宜諾斯艾利斯禁止在人口地區安裝或卸下農業化學品噴灑設備，但是Rawson市，居住區與學校馬路對面，有人卻這樣做，并且放任農業化學品泄露流到開放的溝渠。

　　l Felix San Roman says that when he complained about clouds of chemicals drifting into his yard, the sprayers beat him up, fracturing his spine and knocking out his teeth. He said he filed a complaint in 2011, but it was ignored.

　　l 菲利克斯·桑·羅曼說，他對于農業化學品霧飄到他的院子中提出了抱怨，結果被噴灑者打了一頓，造成脊裂，還打掉他的牙齒。他說他2011年注冊了舉報，但是至今遭到忽視。

　　l In January, activist Oscar Di Vincensi stood in a field near a friend's house waving a court ruling against spraying within 1,000 meters (1,100 yards) of homes in his town of Alberti. A tractor driver simply ignored him, dousing him in pesticide. Di Vincensi's video of that incident went viral on YouTube earlier this year.

　　l 1月份，活動家奧斯卡·迪·文森斯站在一位朋友的房子附近，搖晃法庭裁決禁止本地在居住區距離1公里范圍內噴灑農藥的告示。噴灑農藥的拖拉機手完全忽視他，將農藥噴灑到他的身上。迪·文森斯關于這個事件的錄像上網到YouTube后受到瘋轉。

　　Safe if it’s used properly?

　　農業化學品如果正確使用是否安全？

　　Right at the centre of Argentina’s agricultural revolution is Monsanto’s patented crops and its glyphosate herbicide, Roundup.

　　阿根廷農業“革命”的核心是孟山都專利的轉基因作物及其草甘膦除草劑農達。

　　According to Associated Press’ analysis of government and pesticide industry data agrochemical use in Argentina did decline at first, then it bounced back, increasing nine-fold from 9 million gallons (34 million liters) in 1990 to more than 84 million gallons (317 million litres) today as farmers squeezed in more harvests and pests became resistant to the poisons.

　　根據美聯社對于政府與農藥產業農業化學品在阿根廷使用數據的分析，它們開始使用后發生減少然后跳回并上升，從1990年大約900萬加侖（3400萬公升）急劇增多9倍2012年達到8400萬加侖（3.17億公升），每季噴灑更多的農藥以便對付不斷增長的抗性。

　　Overall, Argentine farmers apply an estimated 4.3 pounds of agrochemical concentrate per acre, more than twice that U.S. farmers use.

　　總體講，阿根廷的農民每英畝預計噴灑4.3磅農業化學品，為美國農民用量高一倍。

　　Regulatory agencies, including those of the United States and European Union have determined the Roundup is safe if it’s applied properly.

　　美國與歐盟等國監管機構，都確定草甘膦除草劑農達是安全的，如果正確應用的話。

　　On May 1, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency even raised the allowable levels of glyphosate residues in food.

　　美國環境保護署（EPA）2013年5月1日甚至宣布提高食品中的草甘膦最高殘留限量。

　　US EPA raises levels of glyphosate residue allowed in food

　　美國環保署(EPA)提高食物中允許的草甘膦殘留水平

　　http://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail---10116.htm

　　中譯文：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e96e.html

　　But these decisions are based on industry research which critics say are inadequate and do not cover interactions of the “cocktail effect” when different agro-chemicals are used together.

　　但是這些決定僅基于產業界自己的研究，其批評者說，這些研究不足而且不包括將不同農用化學品混合在一起配方的“雞尾酒作用”。

　　Molecular biologist Dr. Andres Carrasco at the University of Buenos Aires says the burden from the chemical cocktails is worrisome, but even glyphosate alone could spell trouble for human health.

　　阿根廷布宜諾斯艾利斯大學分子生物學家安德雷斯·卡拉斯闊博士說，化學品混合物配方的作用令人擔憂，但是即便草甘膦單獨也能夠對人類健康造成麻煩。

　　He found that injecting a very low dose of glyphosate into embryos can change levels of retinoic acid, causing the same sort of spinal defects in frogs and chickens that doctors increasingly are registering in communities where farm chemicals are ubiquitous.

　　他發現，即便將非常低劑量的草甘膦注射到胚胎中也改變視黃酸的水平，造成青蛙與雞脊椎畸形，與醫生們在農用化學品無處不在區域社區中越來越多發現的新生兒畸形狀態類似。

　　This acid, a form of vitamin A, is fundamental for keeping cancers in check and triggering genetic expression, the process by which embryonic cells develop into organs and limbs.

　　這種視黃酸是維生素A的一種，對于維持對于癌的（生物性）檢查和觸發相應的基因表達使胚胎細胞發育為器官和四肢的過程至關重要。

　　"If it's possible to reproduce this in a laboratory, surely what is happening in the field is much worse," Carrasco said. "And if it's much worse, and we suspect that it is, what we have to do is put this under a magnifying glass."

　　“如果有可能在實驗室中重復這樣的過程，那么在實際狀態下發生這種情況的可能性更加嚴重”，卡拉斯闊教授說。“如果如此更加嚴重，而且我們懷疑是這樣，我們就必須將這種狀況放到放大鏡下進行研究。”

　　A catalogue of cancers, miscarriages and birth defects

　　癌癥、流產與生育缺陷不同情況的比較

　　Dr. Damian Verzenassi, who directs the Environment and Health program at the National University of Rosario's medical school, decided to try to figure out what was behind an increase in cancer, birth defects and miscarriages in Argentina's hospitals.

　　達米安·威爾森納希博士，負責羅薩里奧國立大學醫學院環境與健康研究機會，決定找出阿根廷醫院中癌癥、新生兒畸形與流產劇增后邊的原因。

　　"We didn't set out to find problems with agrochemicals. We went to see what was happening with the people," he said.

　　“我們并不是從尋找農用化學品的問題出發進行這項研究。我們是為了找到對人民究竟發生了什么事而去從事這項研究”，他說。

　　Since 2010, this house-to-house epidemiological study has reached 65,000 people in Santa Fe province, finding cancer rates two times to four times higher than the national average, including breast, prostate and lung cancers. Researchers also found high rates of thyroid disorders and chronic respiratory illness.

　　2010年以來，這個一家一戶進行的流行病學研究已經考察了圣菲省65,000人，發現（圣菲省不同地區）乳房癌、前列腺癌、肺癌等癌癥發生率達到全國平均水平的兩倍到四倍。研究者們還發現高發生率的甲狀腺十條與慢性呼吸系統疾病。

　　"It could be linked to agrochemicals," he said. "They do all sorts of analysis for toxicity of the first ingredient, but they have never studied the interactions between all the chemicals they're applying."

　　“這些疾病可能與農業化學品關聯”，他說。“它們對其中頭一個成分的毒性做了各種各樣的分析，但是從來沒有研究過他們應用的配方的所有化學品的相互作用。”

　　Dr. Maria del Carmen Seveso, who has spent 33 years running intensive care wards and ethics committees in Chaco province, became alarmed at regional birth reports showing a quadrupling of congenital defects, from 19.1 per 10,000 to 85.3 per 10,000 in the decade after genetically modified crops and their agrochemicals were approved in Argentina.

　　瑪麗亞·卡門·斯維索博士，在查科省管理重癥監護病房和倫理委員會已經33年，看到該地區生育報告表明先天性缺陷字轉基因作物及其農用化學品在阿根廷批準商業化使用后十年期間從19.1/萬人增加為四倍達到85.3/萬人后，引起了警覺。

　　Determined to find out why, she and her colleagues surveyed 2,051 people in six towns in Chaco, and found significantly more diseases and defects in villages surrounded by industrial agriculture than in those surrounded by cattle ranches. In Avia Terai, 31 percent said a family member had cancer in the past 10 years, compared with 3 percent in the ranching village of Charadai.

　　決心找出為什么這樣的原因，她和她的同事在查科省對2,051人進行了調查，發現周邊被工業化種植農業圍繞的村莊，與周圍為養牛場的村莊相比，疾病與新生兒畸形顯著多。在Avia Terai，過去十年期間31%的家庭出現了癌癥患者，與此相比Charadai周圍為養牛場村莊只有３％的家庭出現了癌癥患者。

　　From the labs of Missouri to the fields of Argentina

　　從密蘇里州孟山都的實驗室到阿根廷的現場農田

　　US based Monsanto rejects any suggestion that its products are the cause of this devastation.

　　總部設在美國的孟山都拒絕它們產品是這些災難原因的任何說法。

　　"Glyphosate is even less toxic than the repellent you put on your children's skin," said Pablo Vaquero, Monsanto's corporate affairs director in Buenos Aires. "That said; there has to be a responsible and good use of these products because in no way would you put repellent in the mouths of children and no environmental applicator should spray fields with a tractor or a crop-duster without taking into account the environmental conditions and threats that stem from the use of the product."

　　“草甘膦甚至比抹在你孩子皮膚上的護膚霜的毒性更低”，帕博羅·瓦奎羅，孟山都駐布宜諾斯艾利斯的公司事務主任說。“就是說；這些產品必須以負責任方式良好食用，因為你也不能將護膚霜放到孩子口中，而且沒有任何環境性應用者可以用拖拉機或者撒農藥機械而不考慮環境性條件以及產品使用可能提出的威脅。”

　　Out in the Argentine fields these warnings are widely ignored.

　　在阿根廷的農田中，這些警告廣泛被忽略。

　　Visiting these farm villages, Associated Press found chemicals in places where they were never intended to be.

　　訪問了這些農場村莊時，美聯社發現這些農業化學品放在它們從來沒打算用的地方。

　　Claudia Sariski, whose home has no running water, says she doesn't let her twin toddlers drink from the discarded poison containers she keeps in her dusty backyard. But her chickens do, and she uses it to wash the family's clothes.

　　克勞迪婭·薩利斯基，家里沒有自來水，說她不會讓她的雙胞胎孩子從滿是灰塵后院里丟棄的有毒化學品容器喝水。但是她的雞會喝那里的水，而且她會用這些容器中的水洗家里人的衣服。

　　"They prepare the seeds and the poison in their houses, and it's very common, not only in Avia Terai but in nearby towns, for people to keep water for their houses in empty agrochemical containers," explained surveyor Katherina Pardo. "Since there's no treated drinking water here, the people use these containers anyway. They are a very practical people."

　　“它們在家里準備種子與有毒化學品，而且，在丟棄的農業化學品容器中盛水，這非常普遍，不僅在Avia Terai，而且在附近的市鎮也這樣”，調查員卡瑟琳·帕多解釋。“由于那里沒有經過處理的飲水，當地人們使用這些容器。他們是非常實際的人們。”

　　The survey found diseases Seveso said were uncommon before - birth defects including malformed brains, exposed spinal cords, blindness and deafness, neurological damage, infertility, and strange skin problems.

　　調查中發現了斯維索博士說過去極少見的一些疾病 -- 包括大腦畸形,裸露脊髓、失明和失聰、神經損傷等出生畸形，不生不育，以及一些奇怪的皮膚問題。

　　Aixa Cano, a shy 5-year-old, has hairy moles all over her body. Her neighbour, 2-year-old Camila Veron, was born with multiple organ problems and is severely disabled. Doctors told their mothers that agrochemicals may be to blame.

　　愛薩·卡諾，一位害羞的5歲女孩，多毛痣長滿了全身。她的鄰居，2歲的卡米拉·維倫，出生時有多器官問題，嚴重殘疾。醫生告訴它們的媽媽，農業化學品可能是罪魁禍首。

　　"They told me that the water made this happen because they spray a lot of poison here," said Camila's mother, Silvia Achaval. "People who say spraying poison has no effect, I don't know what sense that has because here you have the proof," she added, pointing at her daughter.

　　“他們告訴我，水造成了這些問題，因為這里噴灑了許多有毒的化學品”，卡米拉的媽媽說。“有人說噴灑這些毒性化學品沒有影響，我不知道他們為什么這樣說，因為這里有證據”，她說，指了指她的女兒。

　　It's nearly impossible to prove that exposure to a specific chemical caused an individual's cancer or birth defect. But like the other doctors, Seveso said their findings should prompt a rigorous government investigation. Instead, their 68-page report was shelved for a year by Chaco's health ministry. A year later, a leaked copy was posted on the Internet.

　　幾乎無法證實接觸某種特定化學品造成某個人的癌癥或者新生缺陷。但是像其他的醫生一樣，斯維索博士說她們的發現應當促使政府組織嚴格的調查。與此相反，她們68頁的報告在查科省衛生部的文件柜中放了一年。一年后，泄露出來的報告在互聯網上公布。

　　"There are things that are not open to discussion, things that aren't listened to," Seveso concluded.

　　“這是不公開討論的問題，是得不到官員聽取的問題”，斯維索博士結論。

　　Scientists argue that only broader, longer-term studies can rule out agrochemicals as a cause of these illnesses.

　　科學家們爭辯說，只有廣泛的、長期的研究才能排除這些農業化學品不是這些疾病的原因。

　　"That's why we do epidemiological studies for heart disease and smoking and all kinds of things," said Doug Gurian-Sherman, a former EPA regulator now with the Union of Concerned Scientists. "If you have the weight of evidence pointing to serious health problems, you don't wait until there's absolute proof in order to do something."

　　“這就是我們衛生對心臟病與抽煙和許多問題做流行病學研究的原因”，道格·古力安，美國環境保護署（EPA）前監管員，現在為《憂思科學家聯盟》負責人。“如果你有眾多證據指向嚴重的健康問題，你就不能等到有絕對證據后才采取應對措施”。

　　Monsanto and the regulators argue that misuse of agro-chemicals not the chemicals themselves and certainly not the genetically engineered crops they are sprayed on is the problem.

　　孟山都與監管機構爭辯說，是農用化學品不適當使用，而不是農用化學品本身，更不是在對其噴灑這些農用化學品的轉基因作物，造成了這些問題。

　　You can argue that – in theory – but in the real world in a real place like Argentina it all goes hand-in-hand like a horrific walk in hell.

　　你可以這樣爭辯--理論上--但是在阿根廷這樣真實的世界，這些問題的關聯清楚的像在地獄中走一遭。

　　22.10.13

　　Sources:

　　資料來源：

　　http://www.the-press-news.com/ap financial/2013/10/18/argentines-link-health-problems-to-agrochemicals

　　參考資料：

　　持續大宗進口轉基因大豆密切相關11問題及其對策建議

　　http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102uwos.html

　　11問題本文全文pdf下載網址：

　　http://www.360doc.com/content/14/0701/00/11459322_391105693.shtml

　　草甘膦產業與孟山都草甘膦除草劑農達污染、轉基因大豆與“化學浸出”食用油及其大豆蛋白粉對國民健康已經造成極其嚴重危害

　　68頁全文pdf下載網址：

　　http://www.360doc.com/content/14/0614/21/11459322_386643381.shtml

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