陳一文譯：人類不需要而且應全面禁止轉基因食品的十個理由
1、轉基因食品不能解決食物危機；2、轉基因作物并不增加潛在產量；3、轉基因作物增加了農藥使用；4、有向世界提供足夠糧食的更好方法；5、其他的種植技術更為成功；6、轉基因食品未能夠表明食用安全；7、轉基因生物悄悄進入動物飼料 – 不取得消費者絲毫同意；8、轉基因作物對農民造成了長期經濟災難；9、轉基因作物與非轉基因作物無法共處；10、我們無法信任轉基因公司。
GM Watch: 10 reasons why we don’t need GM foods
《歐洲轉基因觀察》網站 2010年9月13日發布:
Posted by Europe GM Watch website: http://www.gmwatch.org
Pdf文件下載鏈接：
Link to download original pdf file:
http://www.gmwatch.eu/10-reasons-why-we-dont-need-gm-foods
陳一文譯（[email protected]）
Translated by Chen I-wan （[email protected]）
《新浪網》“陳一文顧問博客”全文發表譯文：
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100ni08.html
With the cost of food recently skyrocketing – hitting not just shoppers but the poor and hungry in the developing world – genetically modified (GM) foods are once again being promoted as the way to feed the world. But this is little short of a confidence trick. Far from needing more GM foods, there are urgent reasons why we need to ban them altogether.
在食品價格近來猛漲情況下—不僅打擊商店顧客，而且同時打擊發展中國家窮苦饑餓的人，并且再次推銷轉基因食品為世界糧食問題的解決方案。但是，這近乎欺詐。與需要更多轉基因食品相反，有一系列理由為什么我們需要全面禁止轉基因食品。
1. GM foods won’t solve the food crisis
1、轉基因食品不能解決食物危機
A 2008 World Bank report concluded that increased biofuel production is the major cause of the increase in food prices.[1] GM giant Monsanto has been at the heart of the lobbying for biofuels (crops grown for fuel rather than food) — while profiting enormously from the resulting food crisis and using it as a PR opportunity to promote GM foods!
世界銀行2008年的一項報告結論：生物燃料生產增加是食物加工增長的主要原因。[1] 轉基因巨人孟山都是為生物燃料游說的核心（為燃料而不是為食物種植的農作物）--他們從他們自己導致的食物危機獲得暴利，并同時利用食物危機作為推銷轉基因食品的公共關系機會！
獨立報駐非洲記者丹尼爾·豪頓強調，“氣候變化危機被用來推進生物燃料，這幫助制造食物危機；已經出現的食物危機又被他們用來復蘇轉基因行業的獲利機會。” [2]
“The cynic in me thinks that they’re just using the current food crisis and the fuel crisis as a springboard to push GM crops back on to the public agenda. I understand why they’re doing it, but the danger is that if they’re making these claims about GM crops solving the problem of drought or feeding the world, that’s bullshit.” [3] – Prof Denis Murphy, head of biotechnology, University of Glamorgan in Wales
英國威爾士格拉摩根大學生物技術負責人丹尼斯·墨菲教授強調，“我內心的憤世嫉俗看法認為，他們只是將當前的糧食危機和能源危機作為一個跳板，把轉基因作物再次推到公眾議程上。我理解他們為什么這樣做，但是他們宣稱轉基因作物能夠解決干旱問題或世界糧食問題的解決方案，這是胡說。” [3]
2. GM crops do not increase yield potential
2、轉基因作物并不增加潛在產量
Despite the promises, GM has not increased the yield potential of any commercialised crops.[4] In fact, studies show that the most widely grown GM crop, GM soya, has suffered reduced yields.[5]
盡管做出保證，轉基因作物并沒有提高任何商業化生產轉基因作物的潛在產量。[4] 事實上，研究表明，最為廣泛種植的轉基因大豆，遭受了減產。[5]
A report that analyzed nearly two decades worth of peer reviewed research on the yield of the primary GM food/feed crops, soybeans and corn (maize), reveals that despite 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialization, genetic engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop yields. The author, former US EPA and US FDA biotech specialist Dr Gurian-Sherman, concludes that when it comes to yield, “Traditional breeding outperforms genetic engineering hands down.”[6]
對主要轉基因食品/飼料作物大豆和玉米的產量進行了近二十年分析的一項經過同行審查的研究報告揭示，盡管進行了20年的研究以及13年的商業化生產，基因工程在顯著提高美國農作物產量方面遭到了失敗。該篇報告的作者，美國環境保護署（EPA）與美國食物與藥品管理署（FDA）前生物技術專家古里安·謝爾曼博士結論，涉及到產量問題時，“傳統種植顯然勝過基因工程。”[6]
“Let’s be clear. As of this year [2008], there are no commercialized GM crops that inherently increase yield. Similarly, there are no GM crops on the market that were engineered to resist drought, reduce fertilizer pollution or save soil. Not one.” – Dr Doug Gurian-Sherman[7]
古里安·謝爾曼博士強調，“我們必須清楚。到今年（2008）為止，沒有任何商業化生產的轉基因作物實質上提高了產量。與此類似，目前已經上市的轉基因作物中，當初基因工程設計來抗旱、減少肥料污染或保護土壤的所有轉基因作物中，沒有任何一個實現了這樣的目標。沒有一個。”[7]
3. GM crops increase pesticide use
3、轉基因作物增加了農藥使用
US government data shows that in the US, GM crops have produced an overall increase, not decrease, in pesticide use compared to conventional crops.[8]
“The promise was that you could use less chemicals and produce a greater yield. But let me tell you none of this is true.” – Bill Christison, President of the US National Family Farm Coalition[9]
美國政府數據表明，在美國，與傳統（非轉基因）作物相比，轉基因作物造成了農藥使用增加，而不是減少。[8] 美國國家家庭農場聯盟主席比爾·克里斯梯森強調，“（轉基因公司）當初保證你們能夠使用更少的化學品生產更高的產量。但是，讓我告訴你們，這沒有任何一點真實。”[9]
4. There are better ways to feed the world
4、有向世界提供足夠糧食的更好方法
A major UN/World Bank-sponsored report compiled by 400 scientists and endorsed by 58 countries concluded that GM crops have little to offer global agriculture and the challenges of poverty, hunger, and climate change, because better alternatives are available. In particular, the report championed “agroecological” farming as the sustainable way forward for developing countries.[10]
由聯合國/世界銀行贊助的一項重要報告，由400位科學家完成并獲得58個國家贊同，結論：對于全球農業以及貧困、饑餓，與氣候變化提出的挑戰方面，轉基因作物沒有什么可以貢獻的，因為有其他可選擇的方法。該報告尤其擁護“農業生態”種植，將它作為發展中國家可持續性的方法。[10]
5. Other farm technologies are more successful
5、其他的種植技術更為成功
Integrated Pest Management and other innovative low-input or organic methods of controlling pests and boosting yields have proven highly effective, particularly in the developing world.[11] Other plant breeding technologies, such as Marker Assisted Selection (non-GM genetic mapping), are widely expected to boost global agricultural productivity more effectively and safely than GM.[12] [13]
“病蟲害綜合治理”以及控制病蟲害提高產量的其他創新型低投入或者有機農業方法被證實為高度有效，特別在發展中國家。[11] 其他的作物繁殖技術，例如 “標記輔助選擇”（非轉基因基因遺傳學圖），被廣泛認為能夠比轉基因更為有效與安全提高全球農業生產率。[12] [13]
“The quiet revolution is happening in gene mapping, helping us understand crops better. That is up and running and could have a far greater impact on agriculture [than GM].” – Prof John Snape, head of the department of crop genetics, John Innes Centre[14]
約翰·因中心作物基因部負責人約翰·斯內皮教授強調，“基因遺傳學圖中正在進行一場無聲的革命，讓我們更好的理解作物。它已經啟動與運行，對農業可能有（比轉基因）更強的影響。”[14]
6. GM foods have not been shown to be safe to eat
6、轉基因食品未能夠表明食用安全
Genetic modification is a crude and imprecise way of incorporating foreign genetic material (e.g. from viruses, bacteria) into crops, with unpredictable consequences. The resulting GM foods have undergone little rigorous and no long-term safety testing, but animal feeding tests have shown worrying health effects.[15]
基因修改是將外源基因材料（如來自病毒、細菌）并入作物的一種粗糙的不準確的方法，而且伴隨著不可預測的后果。最后形成的轉基因食品僅進行過很少進行縝密的試驗，沒進行長期安全試驗，但是已經進行的一些動物喂食試驗顯示出令人擔心的健康影響。[15]
Only one study has been published on the direct effects on humans of eating a GM food.[16] It found unexpected effects on gut bacteria, but was never followed up.
到目前為止，僅僅發表過人類食用一種轉基因食品直接影響的一項研究。[16] 該項研究發現腸道細菌發生了沒有預料的影響，但是該項試驗從來沒有繼續進行下去。
It is claimed that Americans have eaten GM foods for years with no ill effects. But these foods are unlabeled in the US and no one has monitored the consequences. With other novel foods like trans fats, it has taken decades to realize that they have caused millions of premature deaths.[17]
有人宣稱美國人吃轉基因食品好多年但是沒有任何疾病影響。但是這些（轉基因）食品在美國沒有貼標簽，因而也沒有人跟蹤監測其后果。其他一些新穎的食品，例如反式脂肪，經過了數十年人們才認識到它們造成了數百萬過早死亡。[17]
“We are confronted with the most powerful technology the world has ever known, and it is being rapidly deployed with almost no thought whatsoever to its consequences.” — Dr Suzanne Wuerthele, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toxicologist
美國環境保護署（EPA）獨立學家蘇珊娜·烏爾瑟勒博士強調，“我們面臨世界至今為止最為強勢的技術，它在對它的后果幾乎沒有給予任何考慮的情況下迅速部署”。
7. Stealth GMOs in animal feed — without consumers’ consent
7、轉基因生物悄悄進入動物飼料 – 不取得消費者絲毫同意
Meat, eggs and dairy products from animals raised on the millions of tons of GM feed imported into Europe do not have to be labelled. Some studies show that contrary to GM and food industry claims, animals raised on GM feed ARE different from those raised on non-GM feed.[18]
來自每年進口進入歐洲的數百萬噸轉基因飼料喂食動物的肉類、蛋與乳制品沒有貼標簽。某些研究表明，與轉基因產業與轉基因食品產業宣稱的相反，用轉基因飼料喂養的動物與非轉基因飼料喂養的動物有區別。[18] 其他的研究表明，如果將轉基因作物喂食給動物，在最終的轉基因食品中能夠發現轉基因材料 [19]，而且這些動物的健康能夠受到影響。[20] 因此，使用“悄悄進入的轉基因生物”食品可能對消費者的健康有影響。
8. GM crops are a long-term economic disaster for farmers
8、轉基因作物對農民造成了長期經濟災難
A 2009 report showed that GM seed prices in America have increased dramatically, compared to non-GM and organic seeds, cutting average farm incomes for US farmers growing GM crops. The report concluded, “At the present time there is a massive disconnect between the sometimes lofty rhetoric from those championing biotechnology as the proven path toward global food security and what is actually happening on farms in the US that have grown dependent on GM seeds and are now dealing with the consequences.”[21]
2009年的一項研究表明，與非轉基因與有機作物種子相比，轉基因種子在美國的價格引人注目猛漲，減少了種植轉基因作物的美國農民的平均農場收入。該報告結論，“在目前，在倡導生物技術為全球糧食安全真正成熟道路的高談闊論與在美國變得越來越依賴于轉基因種子現在不得不應付其后果之間，出現了巨大的脫節。”[21]
9. GM and non-GM cannot co-exist
9、轉基因作物與非轉基因作物無法共處
GM contamination of conventional and organic food is increasing.
對傳統與有機食物的轉基因污染正在擴展。
An unapproved GM rice that was grown for only one year in field trials was found to have extensively contaminated the US rice supply and seed stocks.[22]
在美國，一種未獲得批準的轉基因稻米在農田試驗中僅僅種植了一年，就已經發現對美國大米供應與種子庫存造成了廣泛的污染。[22]
In Canada, the organic oilseed rape industry has been destroyed by contamination from GM rape.[23]
在加拿大，轉基因油菜導致的污染毀壞了該國的有機油菜業。[23]
In Spain, a study found that GM maize “has caused a drastic reduction in organic cultivations of this grain and is making their coexistence practically impossible”.[24]
在西班牙，一項研究發現，轉基因玉米“對非轉基因的這種谷物造成了大幅度減產，使（轉基因作物與非轉基因作物之間的）共處實際上不可能。”[24]
The time has come to choose between a GM-based, or a non-GM-based, world food supply.
現在是時候了，必須在基于轉基因作物為基礎的世界糧食供應或基于非轉基因為基礎的世界糧食供應之間，進行選擇。
“If some people are allowed to choose to grow, sell and consume GM foods, soon nobody will be able to choose food, or a biosphere, free of GM. It’s a one way choice, like the introduction of rabbits or cane toads to Australia; once it’s made, it can’t be reversed.” – Roger Levett, specialist in sustainable development[25]
可持續發展專家羅杰·雷維特強調，“如果允許某些人選擇種植、銷售與消費轉基因食品，用不了多久，任何人都無法在選擇非轉基因的食品或生物圈。這是一種單方向的選擇，就像把兔子或甘蔗蟾蜍引入澳大利亞那樣；一旦引入，就無法逆轉。”[25]
10. We can’t trust GM companies
10、我們無法信任轉基因公司
The big biotech firms pushing their GM foods have a terrible history of toxic contamination and public deception.[26]
大力推動他們轉基因食品的大規模生物技術公司擁有有毒污染和欺騙公眾的可怕歷史。[26]
GM is attractive to them because it gives them patents that allow monopoly control over the world’s food supply. They have taken to harassing and intimidating farmers for the “crime” of saving patented seed or “stealing” patented genes — even if those genes got into the farmer’s fields through accidental contamination by wind or insects.[27]
轉基因對它們有吸引力，因為轉基因使這些公司擁有專利，允許他們對世界糧食供應實現壟斷。他們因保留了專利的種子或“盜竊”專利基因為名對農民進行騷擾和威脅 – 即便某些基因由于風或昆蟲的傳播造成了意外的污染。[27]
“Farmers are being sued for having GMOs on their property that they did not buy, do not want, will not use and cannot sell.” – Tom Wiley, North Dakota farmer[28]
北達科塔的一位農民托姆·威力抱怨，“有些農民遭到起訴，因為他們沒有買，也不要，也不使用越不能賣的某些轉基因生物存在于他們的財產上。”[28]
Link to References:
對參考文獻的鏈接：
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100ni01.html
陳一文譯：人類不需要而且應全面禁止轉基因食品的十個理由
全文鏈接：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100ni08.html
References
參考文獻：
[1] A Note on Rising Food Prices. Donald Mitchell, World Bank report, 2008.
[1] 關于猛漲的食品價格。Donald Mitchell，世界銀行報告，2008。
http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Environment/documents/2008/07/10/Biofuels.PDF
[2] Hope for Africa lies in political reforms. Daniel Howden, The Independent, 8 September 2008,
[2] 非洲的希望依賴與政治改革。Daniel Howden，獨立報，2008年9月8日。
[3] GM: it’s safe, but it’s not a saviour. Rob Lyons, Spiked Online, 7 July 2008,
[3] 轉基因：它是安全的，但不是救世主。Rob Lyons，Spiked Online，2008年7月7日。
http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/5438/
[4] The adoption of bioengineered crops. Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo and William D. McBride, US Department of Agriculture Report, May 2002,
[4] 生物工程改造作物的采用。Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo and William D. McBride，美國農業部報告，2002年5月。
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer810/aer810.pdf
[5] Glyphosate-resistant soyabean cultivar yields compared with sister lines. Elmore, R.W. et al., Agronomy Journal, Vol. 93, No. 2, 2001, pp. 408–412
[5] 耐草甘膦大豆種植產量與非轉基因大豆進行比較。Elmore, R.W. et al.，農藝學雜志，第93卷第2期，2001，pp. 408–412
[6] Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops. Doug Gurian-Sherman, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009,
[6] 產量的失敗：評價基因工程作物的表現。Doug Gurian-Sherman，有所擔心的科學家聯盟，2009。
[7] Genetic engineering — a crop of hyperbole. Doug Gurian-Sherman, The San Diego Union Tribune, 18 June 2008,
[7] 基因工程 – 夸張的作物。Doug Gurian-Sherman，圣地亞哥聯合論壇報，2008年6月18日。
http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080618/news_lz1e18gurian.html
[8] Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use: The First Thirteen Years. Charles Benbrook, Ph.D., The Organic Center, November 2009,
[8] 基因工程的作物對農藥使用的影響：頭13年。Charles Benbrook博士，有機中心，2009年11月。
http://www.organic-center.org/science.pest.php?action=view&report_id=159
[9] Family Farmers Warn of Dangers of Genetically Engineered Crops. Bill Christison, In Motion magazine, 29 July 1998,
[9] 家庭農戶對基因工程作物的危險提出警告。Bill Christison，在行動雜志，1998年7月29日。
http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/genet1.html
[10] International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development: Global Summary for Decision Makers (IAASTD). Beintema, N. et al., 2008,
[10] 對為發展的農業知識、科學與技術的國際評估：供決策者的全球概述（IAASTD）。Beintema, N. et al.，2008。
http://www.agassessment.org/index.cfm?Page=IAASTD Reports&ItemID=2713
[11] International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development: Global Summary for Decision Makers (IAASTD). Beintema, N. et al., 2008,
[11] 對為發展的農業知識、科學與技術的國際評估：供決策者的全球概述（IAASTD）。Beintema, N. et al.，2008。
http://www.agassessment.org/index.cfm?Page=IAASTD Reports&ItemID=2713
[12] Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century. Collard, B.C.Y. and D.J. Mackill, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, Vol. 363, 2008, pp. 557-572, 2008
[12] 表及輔助選擇：21世紀中精確作物繁殖的一種途徑。Collard, B.C.Y. and D.J. Mackill，Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B，第363卷，2008，pp. 557-572，2008。
[13] Breeding for abiotic stresses for sustainable agriculture. Witcombe J.R. et al., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 2008, Vol. 363, pp. 703-716
[13] 可持續性農業為非生物壓力的繁殖。Witcombe J.R. et al. ，Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B，2008，第363卷，pp. 703-716
[14] Gene mapping the friendly face of GM technology. Professor John Snape, Farmers Weekly, 1 March 2002, p. 54
[14] 對轉基因技術友好的面貌的基因作圖。Professor John Snape，農民周報，2002年3月1日，pp.54
[15] Here is a small selection of such papers:
[15] 一組論文：
Fine structural analysis of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on GM soybean. Malatesta, M. et al., Eur. J. Histochem., Vol. 47, 2003, pp. 385–388;
喂食轉基因大豆小鼠的胰腺細胞核的精細結構分析。Malatesta, M. et al.，歐洲組織化學雜志，第47卷2003，pp. 385–388
Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Malatesta, M. et al., Cell Struct Funct., Vol. 27, 2002, pp. 173-180;
喂食轉基因大豆小鼠的肝細胞核的超微結構形態計量學與免疫細胞化學分析，Malatesta, M. et al.，細胞結構功能雜志，第27卷，2002，pp. 173-180
Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Vecchio L. et al., Eur. J. Histochem., Vol. 48, pp. 448-454, 2004;
喂食轉基因大豆小鼠睪丸的超微結構分析，Vecchio L. et al.，歐洲組織化學雜志，第48卷，pp. 448-454, 2004
A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects on liver ageing. Malatesta M. et al., Histochem Cell Biol.,
喂食轉基因大豆雌性小鼠的長期研究：對肝臟老化的影響。Malatesta M. et al.，組織化學細胞生物雜志，第130卷，2008，pp. 967-977
Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Ewen S.W. and A. Pusztai, The Lancet, Vol. 354, 1999, pp. 1353–1354;
含有轉基因土豆喂食對老鼠小腸雪花蓮凝集素表達，Ewen S.W. and A. Pusztai，柳葉刀雜志，第354卷，1999，pp. 1353–1354
New Analysis of a Rat Feeding Study with a Genetically Modified Maize Reveals Signs of Hepatorenal Toxicity. Séralini, G.-E. et al., Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vol. 52, 2007, pp. 596-602.
用轉基因玉米進行的老師喂食研究新的分析揭示肝腎中毒癥狀，Séralini, G.-E. et al.，Arch環境污染毒理學雜志，第52卷，2007，pp. 596-602
[16] Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract. Netherwood T. et al., Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 22, 2004, pp. 204–209.
[16] 對人類胃腸道中轉基因作物基因存活的評估，Netherwood T. et al.，自然生物技術，第22卷，2004，pp. 204–209
[17] Trans Fats: The story behind the label. Paula Hartman Cohen, Harvard Public Health Review, 2006,
[17] 反式脂肪：標簽后邊的故事。Paula Hartman Cohen，哈佛公共衛生回顧，2006
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/review/rvw_spring06/rvwspr06_transfats.html
[18] Report on animals exposed to GM ingredients in animal feed. Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD. Prepared for the Commerce Commission of New Zealand, 24 July 2009,
[18] 對暴露于動物飼料中轉基因配料的動物的報告。Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD.，為新西蘭商業委員會準備的報告，2009年7月24日
[19] Here is a small selection of such papers:
[19] 一組論文：
Detection of Transgenic and Endogenous Plant DNA in Digesta and Tissues of Sheep and Pigs Fed Roundup Ready Canola Meal. Sharma, R. et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 54, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1699–1709;
在喂食耐草甘膦轉基因加拿大油菜飼料的羊與豬的消化物與組織中檢測到轉基因與內生作物基因，Sharma, R. et al.，農業食品化學雜志，第54卷第5期，2006，pp. 1699–1709
Assessing the transfer of genetically modified DNA from feed to animal tissues. Mazza, R. et al., Transgenic Res., Vol. 14, No. 5, 2005, pp. 775–784;
對轉基因基因從飼料到動物組織遷移的評估，Mazza, R. et al.，轉基因結果，第14卷第5期，2005，pp. 775–784
Detection of genetically modified DNA sequences in milk from the Italian market. Agodi, A., et al., Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, Vol. 209, 2006, pp. 81–88
在意大利市場上獲得的牛奶中檢測到轉基因基因，Agodi, A., et al.，衛生環境健康雜志，第209卷，2006，pp. 81–88
[20] Report on animals exposed to GM ingredients in animal feed. Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD. Prepared for the Commerce Commission of New Zealand, 24 July 2009,
[20] 對暴露于動物飼料轉基因配料的動物的報告，Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD.，為新西蘭商業委員會準備的報告，2009年7月24日
[21] The Magnitude and Impacts of the Biotech and Organic Seed Price Premium. Dr Charles Benbrook, The Organic Center, December 2009,
[21] 生物技術與有機種子價格利潤的大小與影響。Dr Charles Benbrook，有機中心，2009年12月。
http://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/Seeds_Final_11-30-09.pdf
[22] Risky business: Economic and regulatory impacts from the unintended release of genetically engineered rice varieties into the rice merchandising system of the US. Blue, Dr E. Neal, report for Greenpeace, 2007,
[22] 風險業務：未打算釋放出的轉基因稻米品種進入美國大米商品系統的經濟與法規影響。Blue, Dr E. Neal，為綠色和平組織準備的報告，2007
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/risky-business.pdf
[23] Seeds of doubt: North American farmers’ experience of GM crops. Soil Association, 2002,
[23] 有疑問的種子：北美農民對轉基因作物的經驗。土壤協會，2002
http://www.soilassociation.org/seedsofdoubt
[24] Coexistence of plants and coexistence of farmers: Is an individual choice possible? Binimelis, R., Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2008
[24] 植物的共處與農民的共處：個人進行選擇是否可能？Binimelis, R.，農業與環境道德規范雜志，第21卷第2期，2008年4月
[25] Choice: Less can be more. Roger Levett, Food Ethics magazine, Vol. 3, No. 3, Autumn 2008, p. 11,
[25] 選擇：更少能夠更多。Roger Levett，食品道德規范雜志，第3卷第3期，2008年秋天，pp.11
http://www.foodethicscouncil.org/node/384
[26] See, for example, Marie-Monique Robin’s documentary film, Le Monde Selon Monsanto (The World According to Monsanto), ARTE, 2008; and the website of the NGO, Coalition Against Bayer-Dangers,
[26] 參看，例如，Marie-Monique Robin的新聞記錄片，Le Monde Selon Monsanto（依據孟山都的世界），ARTE，2008；以及“反對拜耳公司—危險聯盟”非政府組織的網站：
[27] GM company Monsanto has launched many such lawsuits against farmers. A famous example is the case of the Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser. Just one article on this case is “GM firm sues Canadian farmer”, BBC News Online, 6 June 2000,
[27] 轉基因公司孟山都對許多農民提出訴訟。非常有名的案例為對加拿大農民Percy Schmeiser的訴訟。對該案例只有一篇文章“轉基因公司起訴加拿大農民”，英國BBC在線新聞，2000年6月6日
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/779265.stm
[28] Monsanto ”Seed Police” Scrutinize Farmers. Stephen Leahy, InterPress Service, 15 January 2004,
[28] 孟山都“種子警察”仔細審查農民。Stephen Leahy，InterPress Service，2004年1月15日
http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0115-04.htm
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