黃大昉以“5 -10米的間隔距離,轉基因飄移的概率就會降至十萬分之一至百萬分之一,幾乎可以忽略不計”欺騙誤導全國人大常委會的事實
環境安全性評價主要包括遺傳穩定性、生存競爭能力、生態環境和生物多樣性。特別是通過花粉擴散、基因飄移等試驗判斷其對野生稻資源是否有不良作用;通過對稻田其它害蟲、天敵、益蟲、經濟昆蟲的評價觀察其對生物多樣性的影響。例如,考慮到我國是水稻起源中心之一,環境安全性評價中對野生稻保護格外重視。針對水稻花粉擴散和基因飄移問題,復旦大學、中國農科院多家研究單位進行了長達10年的試驗,研究范圍涵蓋華東、華南、西南5個省市,對數百萬株水稻樣本逐一檢測,結果發現轉基因水稻“基因飄移”的規律同普通水稻一致;基因飄移概率與不同水稻種植空間的間隔距離相關,會隨著距離增加而迅速下降:近距離(小于1米)條件下,相鄰的非轉基因水稻品種中,只有不到1%的植株出現了轉基因水稻的基因片段;如果增加5-10米的間隔距離,轉基因飄移的概率就會降至十萬分之一至百萬分之一,幾乎可以忽略不計。最后,作出了“水稻是基因飄移低風險作物”的判斷。有關結果已在國際著名生態學和分子生物學雜志發表,獲得廣泛好評。
黃大昉2010年6月25日欺騙誤導全國人大常委會欺吹噓“抗蟲棉的研究開發是我國獨立發展轉基因育種,搶占國際生物技術制高點的范例”!
《倒了、倒了,黃大昉向人大常委會吹噓的轉基因棉也倒了!》揭露:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dtu7.html
中國環保部必須盡快組織環境與生態保護科學家對中國1997年以來多年大規模商業化種植Bt轉基因棉、、轉基因先玉335玉米(以及試驗性種植的轉基因Bt稻米等)對于中國野生作物與非轉基因傳統作物造成轉基因污染的范圍開展全國范圍調查研究
墨西哥六位科學家長期、廣泛、深入、負責任的研究發現:種植轉基因棉僅僅十五年,棉花基因與轉基因通過種子與花粉散布可以在數千公里距離種群間遷移,導致墨西哥的野生棉被轉基因材料污染,對生物多樣性造成風險。
中國轉基因“專家”開發的轉基因Bt棉品種就那么神乎其神,真的像黃大昉“大仙”吹噓的那樣,在“5-10米的間隔距離,轉基因飄移的概率就會降至十萬分之一至百萬分之一,幾乎可以忽略不計”?
沒有任何理由認為中國1997年以來多年大規模商業化種植Bt轉基因棉、轉基因先玉335玉米(以及試驗性種植的轉基因Bt稻米等)對于中國野生作物與非轉基因傳統作物造成轉基因污染的情況與墨西哥有任何不同,大力支持“轉基因技術”的高層領導卻被黃大仙們一直蒙在鼓里、一無所知,繼續被忽悠與誤導!
中國高層領導必須盡快認清“轉基因作物、轉基因食品對消費者與環境,只有風險,絕對沒有任何益處”!
Transgenic Cotton Harbours Hidden Dangers
墨西哥:轉基因棉藏匿隱藏著的危險
轉載自:http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=105542
翻譯與轉載者:陳一文([email protected])
(80年代兩屆全國青聯委員)
《新浪網》“陳一文顧問博客”轉載:http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan
《陳一文顧問網站》:http://sea3000.net/cheniwan
Author: Emilio Godoy,Mexico
原文作者:(墨西哥)艾米麗奧·格多伊
IPS, Oct 20 2011
IPS網站發表于2011年10月20日
(Note: IPS (Inter Press Service News Agency)is an international communication institution with a global news agency at its core, raising the voices of the South and civil society on issues of development, globalization, human rights and the environment.)
(注:IPS(社間新聞服務社)是一家全球新聞社為核心的國際通訊機構,提高發展中國家與民全社會在發展、全球化、人權與環境問題上的聲音。)
MEXICO CITY - Wild cotton in Mexico has been contaminated with genetically modified material, posing a risk to biodiversity, experts say.
墨西哥城消息 – 墨西哥的野生棉被轉基因材料污染,對生物多樣性造成風險,專家說。
This worrying conclusion was reached by six scientists at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and the National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO) in a research study published this month in Molecular Ecology, an international journal.
墨西哥國家自治大學(National Autonomous University of Mexico - UNAM)與生物知識與使用國家委員會(National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity - CONABIO)的六位科學家,在國際刊物《分子生態學》本月發表的研究論文獲得該項令人擔心結論。
In their article "Recent long-distance transgene flow into wild populations conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its centre of origin", the experts showed that cotton genes and transgenes can be transferred between populations thousands of kilometres apart by seed dispersal.
在他們的論文《最近的長距離轉基因流入野生種群與棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)原生態中心基因的歷史性流動類型一致》中,這些專家表明棉花基因與轉基因通過種子散布可以在數千公里距離種群間遷移。
They also found that varieties of Mexican wild cotton that harbour transgenes (genes from one species introduced artificially into another) undergo rapid evolution, with unpredictable consequences.
他們還發現,藏匿轉基因(從一種品種人為引入另一種的基因)的墨西哥野生棉的某些品種發生快速進化,產生不可預料的后果。
"The genetic diversity of wild populations is very high, and that of cultivated cotton is very low. Gene flow can reduce the differentiation between populations, but we have no idea what impact that might have," the head of the research project, Ana Wegier of UNAM's Ecology Institute and the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP) told IPS.
“野生種群的基因多樣性很高,人工種植棉花的基因多樣性很低。基因流可以減少不同種群之間的差異,但是我們絲毫不了解可能發生的影響如何,”該研究項目的負責人安娜·維吉爾(Ana Wegier)這樣說。她在墨西哥國家自治大學(National Autonomous University of Mexico - UNAM)的生態學院以及國家森林、農業與家畜研究研究所任職。
"What we are seeing is the effect on biodiversity of 15 years of growing transgenic crops under permits," she said.
“我們所看到的,是在許可證下種植轉基因作物十五年的生物多樣性影響,”她說。
In order to boost cotton cultivation, in decline because of the collapse of international prices and the growing dominance of synthetic fibres, in 1996 the Mexican government authorised experimental planting of genetically modified cotton, without paying heed to studies of its biological interactions in the country.
前些年,國際價格與人造纖維不斷加強的支配地位造成的棉花種植下滑,為了加大棉花種植,墨西哥政府1996年授權試驗性種植轉基因棉,但是沒有聽從對于轉基因棉在國內可能造成什么生物相互作用進行研究的提醒。
Since 2009, transgenic cotton has been grown on a commercial scale on an area of over 100,000 hectares, producing harvests of 500,000 tonnes, according to the Mexican agriculture ministry.
根據墨西哥農業部的資料,2009年以來,轉基因棉商業化種植規模100,000公頃,棉花產量達到500,000噸。
Cottonseed is used mainly for oil and meal for animal feed, and transport of animal feed products might explain how transgenic seeds arrived in wild cotton populations.
棉籽主要用于榨油與加工動物飼料,動物飼料運輸可能解釋轉基因種子怎么會到達野生棉種群。
The six authors collected 336 plants from 36 populations between 2002 and 2008. They also analysed seeds from three Mexican locations, the U.S. states of Texas and Virginia, and from Argentina, Brazil, India and Egypt. Of the 270 samples analysed, 66 were positive for transgenes.
六位作者在2002年與2008年收集了來自36個種群的336株作物。他們還對墨西哥三個地方、美國特克薩斯州與維吉尼亞州、阿根廷、巴西、印度與埃及的棉花種子進行了分析。在所分析的總共270個樣品中,66個確切為轉基因。
The scientists found that 1.4 percent of 5,985 permits to plant genetically modified cotton issued by the Mexican authorities between 1996 and the beginning of 2008 fell within the area of distribution of two wild cotton metapopulations, as collections of interacting populations of the same species are called.
這些科學家發現,墨西哥政府部門1996年到2008年初頒發的5,985個許可證中僅1.4%批準在兩個“野生棉集中種群”(metapopulations)分布區域中種植。相同品種集中分布的相互作用野生棉種群稱為“野生棉集中種群”。
A further 4.2 percent of the authorised transgenic crops were within a 300-km radius from three metapopulations. The remaining 94.4 percent were over 300 km away from all wild cotton metapopulations.
還有4.2%批準種植的轉基因棉距離三個“野生棉集中種群”300公里半徑范圍內。其余94.4%在所有“野生棉集中種群”300公里以外。
As has already happened with native maize, contamination of wild strains could occur with other transgenic crops, which are slowly spreading in this Latin American country.
如同對當地玉米已經發生的那樣,其他轉基因作物可能污染野生株,在這個拉丁美洲國家里緩慢傳開。
This concern is shared by 16,000 beekeepers in the southeastern state of Yucatán, where U.S. agribusiness giant Monsanto has a pilot plantation of genetically modified soy covering 30,000 hectares.
墨西哥南部Yucatán州的16,000家養蜂戶對此有同樣的擔心,因為美國農業巨頭孟山都在此建立了一個占地30,000公頃轉基因大豆試驗場。
Monsanto's soy has been genetically modified to confer resistance to an herbicide, glyphosate, which is sprayed on the crop to kill off non-resistant weeds.
孟山都的轉基因大豆抗草甘膦除草劑,在作物上噴灑殺死對草甘膦不具有抗性的野草。
"In the soyfields, the bees turn very aggressive and instead of returning to the hive, they die on the way back, as the glyphosate applied to the crops damages their intestines," the local coordinator of the National Union of Autonomous Regional Campesino Organisations, Pablo Duarte, told IPS.
“在轉基因大豆田中,蜜蜂變得富有侵略性,牠們不是返回蜂箱,而在返回途中死去,噴灑在作物上的草甘膦損壞了牠們的腸子,”自治區農夫組織全國聯合會(National Union of Autonomous Regional Campesino Organisations)當地協調員帕布羅·杜瓦特(Pablo Duarte),告訴IPS(社間新聞服務社)。
"Our fear is that not only will the bees die, but we will not be able to sell our honey," he said.
“我們不僅怕蜜蜂死去,而且我們將無法賣出我們的蜂蜜,”他說。
In Mexico, some 45,000 beekeepers collect approximately 56,000 tons of honey a year. Their main market is the European Union, followed by the United States and Canada.
在墨西哥,大約45,000養蜂戶每年收集56,000噸蜂蜜。他們的主要市場是歐盟,而后為美國與加拿大。
But the EU Court of Justice has already banned the sale of honey containing pollen contaminated by unauthorised transgenes.
但是,歐盟法院已經禁止銷售包含非授權轉基因污染的花粉的蜂蜜。
The first plots of genetically modified soy were evaluated in 2008. Currently 60,000 hectares of Mexican soil are producing transgenic soy.
2008年對首次種植的轉基因大豆進行評估。目前,在墨西哥總共種植60,000公頃轉基因大豆。
The government received 110 applications to grow transgenic maize on an experimental basis, and 11 applications since 2009 for pilot-scale projects, the stage before commercial cultivation. The agriculture ministry authorised 67 experimental fields covering 70 hectares in the north of the country, and at least 12 experimental transgenic wheat fields.
墨西哥收到在試驗性基礎上種植轉基因玉米的110項申請,2009年開始商業化種植后受到11項申請。墨西哥農業部授權北部總共70公頃的67個轉基因玉米試驗田,以及至少12個轉基因小麥試驗田。
The 2005 Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms states that the centres of origin of seeds must be defined before any permission can be given for transgenic crops.
2005年頒布的《轉基因生物生物安全法》(Biosecurity Law for Genetically Modified Organisms)規定,頒發任何轉基因作物種植許可前必須確定種子的原生態中心(centres of origin of seeds)。
The environmental watchdog Greenpeace reported the presence of transgenic maize in six out of Mexico's 32 states, as well as imports of genetically modified seeds of this staple food, which is profoundly symbolic in Mesoamerican cultures from central Mexico to Costa Rica.
環境監督組織綠色和平報告,在墨西哥32個州中6個州發現轉基因玉米種植,還發現有轉基因玉米種子的進口。玉米是中墨西哥到哥斯達黎加中美洲文化重要的主糧。
"Each case needs to be analysed separately, to the highest scientific standards," said Wegier, who is also a member of the Union of Socially Committed Scientists (UCCS) and is currently working on the genetics of avocados and green tomatoes.
“每一項事例必須以最高的科學標準分別分析,”維吉爾(Wegier)說,他也是“社會忠誠科學家聯合會”(Union of Socially Committed Scientists - UCCS) 的成員,目前從事鱷梨與綠番茄基因研究。
"So far, decisions have been made without the benefit of scientific research done in Mexico, but now we have the opportunity to take decisions based on the precautionary principle (that activities that present an uncertain potential for significant harm should be avoided until they are proved to be harmless)," said the head of research.
“到目前為止,在不考慮墨西哥進行的科學研究情況下做出決定,但是現在我們有機會在預先警戒原則基礎上做決定(即,存在不確定嚴重風險的活動應當避免,直到它們被證明無害),”該項研究的負責人說。
Although seed migration out of fields of genetically modified crops may be low, the study warns that once a single or a few transgenic individuals are dispersed into particular wild populations, they produce pollen that may fertilise local wild plants.
盡管轉基因作物種籽逃逸出農田的可能性較低,該項研究警告,一旦一個或很少轉基因提傳播入野生種群中,它們產生的花粉可能使當地野生作物受精。
"Since transgenes are inserted within the nuclear genome, they can be dispersed both via pollen or seed," the document says.
“由于轉基因插入到和基因組中,它們可以通過花粉或者種子傳播開來,”論文說。
Genetically modified organisms "are going to contaminate all the varieties we have, and then we will have to depend on seeds from the big companies," Duarte warned.
轉基因生物體“將污染我們擁有的所有品種,那時我們將被迫依賴與大公司供應的種子,”杜瓦特(Duarte)警告。
"If we lose our native seeds, we won't have seeds to plant. That's why we are asking the government to stop the sowing of transgenic maize and soy," he said. (END)
“如果我們喪失了我們本國本地的種子,我們將失去用于種植的種子。這就是為什么我們要求我們的政府停止種植轉基因玉米與轉基因大豆,”他說。
附錄:
Recent long-distance transgene flow into wild populations conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its centre of origin
最近的長距離轉基因流入野生種群與棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)原生態中心基因的歷史性流動類型一致
作者:A. WEGIER1,2, A. PIÑEYRO-NELSON1,2, J. ALARCÓN3, A. GÁLVEZ-MARISCAL4, E. R. ÁLVAREZ-BUYLLA1,2, D. PIÑERO1
作者單位:
1. Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-725, CP 04510, México DF, México
2. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Progreso 5, Coyoacán, 04010, México DF, México
3. Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-725, CP 04510, México DF, México
4. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Liga Periférico-Insurgentes Sur 4903, Parques del Pedregal, Tlalpan 14010, México DF, México
*Correspondence: Ana Wegier, Fax: (+52 55) 36 26 87 00 Ext. 104E-mail: [email protected]
通訊作者:Ana Wegier, Fax: (+52 55) 36 26 87 00 Ext. 104E-mail: [email protected]
Publish: Molecular Ecology, Volume 20, Issue 19, pages 4182–4194, October 2011
出版:分子生態學,第20卷,19期
Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum; long distance gene flow; metapopulations; Mexico; transgene flow
關鍵詞:Gossypium hirsutum棉;長距離基因流動;集合種群;墨西哥;轉基因流動。
Abstract
摘要:
Over 95% of the currently cultivated cotton was domesticated from Gossypium hirsutum, which originated and diversified in Mexico. Demographic and genetic studies of this species at its centre of origin and diversification are lacking, although they are critical for cotton conservation and breeding. We investigated the actual and potential distribution of wild cotton populations, as well as the contribution of historical and recent gene flow in shaping cotton genetic diversity and structure. We evaluated historical gene flow using chloroplast microsatellites and recent gene flow through the assessment of transgene presence in wild cotton populations, exploiting the fact that genetically modified cotton has been planted in the North of Mexico since 1996. Assessment of geographic structure through Bayesian spatial analysis, BAPS and Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Production (GARP), suggests that G. hirsutum seems to conform to a metapopulation scheme, with eight distinct metapopulations. Despite evidence for long-distance gene flow, genetic variation among the metapopulations of G. hirsutum is high (He
目前耕種的棉花超過95%培育自Gossypium hirsutum棉(G. hirsutum棉),起源于墨西哥逐步多樣化。缺乏對于這種棉花品種在其發源地及其多樣化的時空分布統計學與基因研究,盡管它們對棉花品種保護與栽培具有關鍵性意義。我們對野生棉種群的實際分布與潛在分布進行了調查研究,同時對歷史性基因流動與近期基因流動對棉花基因多樣性與構造狀態的形成進行了調查研究。我們利用葉綠體微型衛星對歷史性的基因流動進行了評價,同時通過評估野生棉群中存在的轉基因對近期的基因流動進行了評價,充分利用了轉基因棉自1996年在墨西哥北部開始種植的事實。通過貝葉斯定理空間分析進行地理學結構評估,BAPS與基因遺傳算法用于定規生產(GARP),提議G. hirsutum棉看來符合于具有八個完全分開的一種集合種群計劃。盡管有長距離基因流動的證據,不同的G. hirsutum棉集合種群的基因差別較高(He
(譯者注:歡迎專業人士對于筆者譯文的準確性與專業性予以指正。)
相關研究資料:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d01017r5c.html
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dtu7.html
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