馬克思，英國(guó)人心中最偉大哲學(xué)家 
日前公布的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，馬克思以27.93％的得票率榮登榜首 
 
 《新華每日電訊》2005年7月27日 
 
    誰(shuí)是現(xiàn)今英國(guó)人心目中最偉大的哲學(xué)家？這是英國(guó)廣播公司（BBC）廣播四頻道"在我們這個(gè)時(shí)代"欄目最近所做的一個(gè)調(diào)查。7月14日公布的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，共產(chǎn)主義理論奠基人卡爾·馬克思以27.93％的得票率榮登榜首，居于第二位的蘇格蘭哲學(xué)家大衛(wèi)·休謨得票率為12.6％，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落在其后。柏拉圖、康德、蘇格拉底、亞里斯多德等更是望塵莫及，黑格爾甚至沒(méi)進(jìn)前20名。

評(píng)選發(fā)起人：能夠解釋一切 

    發(fā)起這個(gè)評(píng)選的欄目主持人布拉格說(shuō)，剛開(kāi)始看到馬克思得到這么多票感到很吃驚，不過(guò)，仔細(xì)想想也不覺(jué)得這有什么奇怪。馬克思似乎對(duì)全世界的主要問(wèn)題都給出了答案。這非常迎合人心。例如，馬克思指出歷史是階級(jí)斗爭(zhēng)的產(chǎn)物；思想是人的特性，是經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境的產(chǎn)物。人們喜歡一個(gè)核心解釋。馬克思還說(shuō)，哲學(xué)家解釋世界，而他要改變世界。

    布拉格認(rèn)為馬克思當(dāng)選為最偉大哲學(xué)家有諸多因素，但是能夠解釋一切的理論是他奪冠的最重要原因。

傳記作者：馬克思主義不是教條 

    《卡爾·馬克思傳》的作者弗朗西斯·未恩說(shuō)，"如果在10年或15年前，柏林墻推倒后，我會(huì)對(duì)馬克思的當(dāng)選感到吃驚，我會(huì)認(rèn)為馬克思不會(huì)被人記起。"但現(xiàn)在，他認(rèn)為馬克思的當(dāng)選當(dāng)之無(wú)愧。他說(shuō)："他比候選名單中的其他人都要涉獵廣泛。他不僅是哲學(xué)家，也涉足政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和歷史。馬克思主義現(xiàn)在仍處于一個(gè)延續(xù)不斷的爭(zhēng)論之中，這就使他更加可信并與當(dāng)今生活密切相關(guān)。"

    他說(shuō)："他的很多思想現(xiàn)在看來(lái)都非常現(xiàn)代也很新鮮。也許這些思想現(xiàn)在比他當(dāng)年寫(xiě)作時(shí)更能引起共鳴。例如關(guān)于全球化的論述，關(guān)于技術(shù)變化的速度以及這種變化對(duì)社會(huì)的影響，社會(huì)關(guān)系等等。"

政治學(xué)教授：令人驚訝的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義

    劍橋大學(xué)政治學(xué)教授加里斯特·瓊斯說(shuō)："如果你讀《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》，你不得不承認(rèn)它是一個(gè)很有力、很了不起的文件。雖然出版于1848年，但我們現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常談到的全球化、裁員、跨國(guó)公司（國(guó)際公司）、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)朝這個(gè)或那個(gè)方向發(fā)展，所有這些內(nèi)容書(shū)中都能找到，它有令人驚訝的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義，任何其他文獻(xiàn)都沒(méi)有這個(gè)力量。"

    值得一提的是，在BBC評(píng)選"最偉大的哲學(xué)家"過(guò)程中，英國(guó)《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》雜志曾經(jīng)號(hào)召其讀者把馬克思從候選名單上拉下，希望讀者選休謨。《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》認(rèn)為，馬克思已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)了，而資本主義是有效的等等。但英國(guó)公眾得出了自己的決斷。很多人認(rèn)為今天世界各處發(fā)生的一切并不能否定馬克思，只能證實(shí)他寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容。

歷史學(xué)家：驚人的預(yù)言

    歷史學(xué)家埃里克·霍布斯鮑姆試圖找出馬克思勝出的原因。他說(shuō)："《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》里對(duì)全球化的本質(zhì)和效果有著驚人的預(yù)言。"

    資產(chǎn)階級(jí)哲學(xué)家和馬克思的不同在于后者不只能分析資本主義體制的所有矛盾，也能指出一條另類(lèi)選擇的道路。正如馬克思所說(shuō)："哲學(xué)家僅僅用各種方法解釋了世界，但重要的是，改變世界。"馬克思解釋說(shuō)，資本主義必須被推翻，被社會(huì)主義--一個(gè)更加合理的體制--取而代之。

    英國(guó)工黨全國(guó)執(zhí)行委員會(huì)的成員之一賽登在《衛(wèi)報(bào)》撰寫(xiě)的一篇文章中說(shuō)，馬克思現(xiàn)在仍然對(duì)世人有啟迪作用。重溫馬克思有關(guān)歷史和辯證唯物主義的理論，我們能夠看到，馬克思不愧是一位天才，他的理論可以"解釋一切"。
（馬桂花　新華社特稿）

意大利思想界如何看待馬克思主義
本報(bào)駐羅馬記者　穆方順
《光明日?qǐng)?bào)》2005年7月28日

　　在1999年英國(guó)廣播公司組織的評(píng)選中，科學(xué)社會(huì)主義的奠基人卡爾·馬克思當(dāng)選為"千年最偉大的思想家"。最近，英廣公司第四電臺(tái)又舉辦古今最偉大哲學(xué)家選舉，卡爾·馬克思再次超越維特根斯坦、休姆、康德、柏拉圖、波普爾、沙特等聲名顯赫的人物，在全球十大哲學(xué)偉人中獨(dú)占鰲頭。在這次歷時(shí)一個(gè)多月、有3萬(wàn)多人參加
投票的評(píng)選活動(dòng)中，意大利思想學(xué)術(shù)界不僅積極參與投票，并且在國(guó)內(nèi)掀起了一場(chǎng)研究和評(píng)價(jià)馬克思主義的熱潮。

　　各大媒體、學(xué)術(shù)刊物和研討會(huì)上發(fā)表的諸多論文和講話(huà)表明，意大利學(xué)者們有一個(gè)基本共識(shí)：對(duì)作為"革命預(yù)言家"的馬克思雖然可以有不同的評(píng)價(jià)，但馬克思對(duì)歷史和社會(huì)發(fā)展規(guī)律的論述乃是科學(xué)的真理，任何人都無(wú)法否定，"馬克思之偉大是永存的"。

　　著名歷史學(xué)家坎弗拉指出：馬克思是19世紀(jì)資本主義的最偉大的闡釋者。而且，他以天才的洞察力總結(jié)出，迄今為止的西方歷史都是生產(chǎn)方式和交換方式的變革史，因而也是對(duì)立階級(jí)不斷沖突的歷史。他讓所有的人--反動(dòng)的、保守的、進(jìn)步的、革命的以及研究古代和現(xiàn)代的學(xué)者--明白了歷史的運(yùn)動(dòng)是變化過(guò)程中的形態(tài)。任何歷史學(xué)家都不能撇開(kāi)馬克思。年逾9旬的意大利哲學(xué)家博比奧說(shuō)："如果我們不是從馬克思主義那里學(xué)會(huì)從'完全不同的角度'觀察歷史，并獲得一個(gè)新的人類(lèi)世界的廣泛視野，我們就只能或者在內(nèi)在的孤島上修補(bǔ)學(xué)說(shuō)，或者服務(wù)于舊的主人。"

　　學(xué)者們另外強(qiáng)調(diào)的一點(diǎn)是：馬克思認(rèn)為，工業(yè)社會(huì)宣告了公民的同一性，但同時(shí)又構(gòu)成了消費(fèi)者的等級(jí)。這種政治上或形式上的平等與社會(huì)的不平等，是馬克思思考問(wèn)題的出發(fā)點(diǎn)，也是今天依然存在的現(xiàn)實(shí)。馬克思對(duì)剝削和壓迫的深刻剖析和猛烈批判，確立了他是人類(lèi)最偉大解放者之一的地位。今天所有為社會(huì)正義和資源公平分配而進(jìn)行的斗爭(zhēng)，仍然都是按照馬克思主義的既定軌道進(jìn)行的。

　　著名哲學(xué)家、社會(huì)學(xué)家薩爾瓦多利在都靈舉行的《今日馬克思主義》大型研討會(huì)上發(fā)表的主旨演講中說(shuō)，馬克思所了解和研究過(guò)的資本主義以及被他賦予改變整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和政治關(guān)系歷史使命的工業(yè)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)都已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大變化，但馬克思主義至少在三個(gè)方面仍然具有普遍指導(dǎo)意義：一是馬克思所開(kāi)啟的分析經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)體制和意識(shí)形態(tài)三者關(guān)系的學(xué)說(shuō)，這在一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái)已被學(xué)術(shù)界廣泛承認(rèn)。二是馬克思所揭示的經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力日益集中的趨勢(shì)及其與政治權(quán)力的相互關(guān)系的學(xué)說(shuō)。經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)力的集中及其與政治權(quán)力的聯(lián)姻，構(gòu)成了現(xiàn)代史上占統(tǒng)治地位的趨勢(shì)，并且現(xiàn)在還在加強(qiáng)。無(wú)可否認(rèn)，美國(guó)現(xiàn)政權(quán)正是大財(cái)閥的代表。《共產(chǎn)黨宣言》指出：這種聯(lián)姻"使未開(kāi)化和半開(kāi)化的國(guó)家從屬于文明的國(guó)家，使農(nóng)民的民族從屬于資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的民族，使東方從屬于西方。"這不僅已被歷史驗(yàn)證，也是國(guó)際現(xiàn)實(shí)的寫(xiě)照。在21世紀(jì)，財(cái)富與民主之間的失衡將日益難以承受。三是已經(jīng)被事實(shí)證明了的馬克思對(duì)"全球化"的科學(xué)預(yù)言。早在150多年前，馬克思就預(yù)見(jiàn)到："資產(chǎn)階級(jí)，由于開(kāi)拓了市場(chǎng)，使一切國(guó)家的生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)都成為世界性的了……過(guò)去那種地方的和民族的自給自足和閉關(guān)自守狀態(tài)，被各民族的各方面的互相往來(lái)和各方面的互相依賴(lài)所代替了。物質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)是如此，精神的生產(chǎn)也是如此……它迫使一切民族--如果它們不想滅亡的話(huà)--采用資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的生產(chǎn)方式。"馬克思的這一論斷，為各國(guó)人民如何觀察和面對(duì)世界的發(fā)展和變化指明了道路。

　　著名社會(huì)學(xué)家弗朗基認(rèn)為，人們通過(guò)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的反思，對(duì)馬克思主義產(chǎn)生了新的激情。這當(dāng)中也包括不能容忍把馬克思主義定型為"前蘇聯(lián)官僚主義"所進(jìn)行的一切模糊實(shí)驗(yàn)的"象征"。馬克思曾反復(fù)說(shuō)過(guò)，人不能預(yù)先確知未來(lái)。他生活在一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以前，并未對(duì)今日社會(huì)提出的具體問(wèn)題作出回答。因此，對(duì)馬克思科學(xué)社會(huì)主義學(xué)說(shuō)本身及其歷史作用的評(píng)價(jià)，需要有一個(gè)更深遠(yuǎn)和宏觀的歷史尺度。可以肯定的是，從歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義上看，誰(shuí)都不能妄想使今人和后人遠(yuǎn)離馬克思主義。（本報(bào)羅馬7月19日電）

Kapital gain
Karl Marx is now the Home Counties' favourite

Mark Seddon
Thursday July 14, 2005
The Guardian

Karl Marx is the nation's most revered philosopher. No, this isn't old Soviet agitprop, but the result of a Radio 4 listeners' poll organised by the broadcaster Melvyn Bragg for his series In Our Time. The veteran Marxist historian, Eric Hobsbawm, thinks he knows why. His reasoning is as contemporary as Marx's was visionary. "The Communist Manifesto," he says, "contains a stunning prediction of the nature and effects of globalisation."
Taking 28% of the votes cast, the former down-at-heel Victorian gent, who suffered appalling outbreaks of boils, beat the Economist magazine's trumpeted candidate, David Hume, hands down. So with even the communist daily Morning Star keeping tight-lipped, the strange exhumation of Marx can only be attributed to thousands of Radio 4 listeners in the Home Counties. This is clearly a very real middle-class conspiracy, designed to give those ex-Marxists in the cabinet - John Reid and Charles Clarke among them - sleepless nights.

But should we really be so surprised? Marx, now freed from his flawed pupils, is as liberating as he was when he published the Communist Manifesto 150 years ago. Re-visiting Marx's theories on historical and dialectical materialism, it is possible to see a genius at work because, as Bragg would have it, "everything can be explained".
But then, as the self deprecating Marx once argued: "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways. The point, however, is to change it." Marx reaches through the centuries not only because he understood how modern capitalism would exacerbate the divide between rich and poor, but because he could see that, left to its own devices, it would create monopoly and exploitation.

He could have left it there, but of course he believed that there had to be an alternative. And in these dumbed down times where Lord Birt's blue-sky thinking and management consultancy gobbledegook has our technocratic political class in a vice-like grip, it is refreshing to discover that thousands of Britons must believe that real change is possible. Amazingly for the slayers of social democracy in New Labour, as many of these people probably live in places like Esher and Surbiton as they do in Oxford and Cambridge.

Market fundamentalism has now replaced Marxism and its many derivatives in the west, as it has done in the east. Elsewhere, nationalism and religious fundamentalism vie to fill a dangerous, illiberal void. It is as if the age of enlightenment, of the Renaissance, had never happened. Marx spawned some horrors, and the flight from him by the political class has been so total that the gentler tradition of democratic socialism has been all but lost.

Marx's mother despaired at the futility of it all. "I wish you could make some capital rather than just writing about it," she once remonstrated. Well, maybe his old bankroller, Friedrich Engels, might have agreed, but Marx has left a rich intellectual inheritance. Before Gordon Brown has another chance to say "No return to boom and bust", I heartily recommend to him a few hours spent perusing Das Kapital.

· Mark Seddon is a member of Labour's national executive committee

Marx voted top thinker
Charlotte Higgins
Thursday July 14, 2005
The Guardian

In a shock result, Karl Marx has been voted the greatest ever philosopher following a poll by Melvyn Bragg's Radio 4 show In Our Time.
In the public's poll, which assessed 20 philosophers, Marx, author of the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, got 27.93% of the 30,000 votes. In second place came David Hume with 12.67%, followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein with 6.8%. Plato trailed in fifth place and Socrates at eighth.

Andrew Chitty, who, at Sussex University, teaches the UK's only MA in Marxist philosophy, said: "This shows that philosophy should take Marxism seriously. It is possible he won because Marxists organised a mass vote; they're much more organised than Hegelians, for instance.

"But I think it's more likely that people understand that in this increasingly capitalist world Marx gives us the best vision with which to understand that world. Marx talks about capital in a philosophical way - he's unique in that."

 
Marx wins BBC In Our Time's Greatest Philosopher vote
July 13, 2005 by Staff
www.revolutionmagazine.com

LONDON - If you had ever pondered the political leanings of BBC Radio 4 listeners, the vote is now in as Karl Marx was nominated as the Greatest Philosopher of all time.
 
The German philosopher and socialist topped the poll of 20 of the best known, most respected and influential philosophical thinkers.

With 28% of the 30,000 votes cast, Marx, who was championed by author and journalist Francis Wheen, came out as the clear winner.

Marx, who lived in London for many years and based his study of capitalism 'Das Capital' on some of his experiences of industry Britain, had more than twice as many votes as his nearest rival Scottish philosopher David Hume.

Hume, who picked up 12.7% of the vote, was championed in the poll by philosopher and author Julian Baggini.

Coming in third was another German, Wittgenstein, who was championed by Jonathan Sachs and nominated by, among others, Will Self. Wittgenstein garnered 6.8% of the vote.

In Our Time, presented by Lord Melvyn Bragg, ran the online poll over a period of five weeks and attracted more than a million hits to its website.

The programme will be devoting tomorrow's July 14 edition from 9.00-9.45am to a discussion of Marx and his ideas.

The poll sparked a wide-ranging debate with everyone from celebrities to newspapers getting involved.

The Guardian came out in favour of Kant; The Economist, Hume; and The Independent Wittgenstein, then changed its mind, playing on Wittgenstein's famous change of philosophical position.

BBC Radio 2 DJ Terry Wogan backed Marcus Aurelius; Anne Robinson nominated Nietzsche; Mariella Frostrup came out in favour of Kierkegaard; Stephen Fry nominated Plato; and John Humphrys French footballer-turned-actor Eric Cantona.

The 20-strong shortlist was decided after a first round; those with the highest number of votes went through to the next round where they had a specialist advocate, an expert academic who put the case forward for voting for that particular philosopher.

The final stage of the vote began on June 6 when listeners were able to vote for a philosopher from the final shortlist via the Radio 4 website. The vote ended at midnight on July 7.

Since the vote started, the MP3 downloads for 'In Our Time' have increased by 50%. The programme now records 30,000 downloads a week. Half of all downloads across BBC Radio are from the programme.

Before the vote, the 'In Our Time' website was getting 150,000 hits a week, that rose to 300,000 during the vote and has settled to around 220,000 a week now. 'In Our Time' is currently the most popular Radio 4 programme on the internet after 'The Archers'.

Nominee % Accepted votes
1. Marx 27.93% 
2. Hume  12.67% 
3. Wittgenstein  6.80% 
4. Nietzsche 6.49% 
5. Plato  5.65%
6. Kant  5.61% 
7. Aquinas  4.83% 
8. Socrates  4.82% 
9. Aristotle  4.52% 
10. Popper 4.20%

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