近期，民間團體接受國外贊助一事在馬來西亞鬧得沸沸揚揚。此事備受爭議，并招致了人權分子和國會成員雙方的批評。

　　而有些人權分子卻傾向于認為，布城針對人權組織如接受國外資金的馬來西亞人民之聲(SUARAM)的調(diào)查是企圖扼殺異議、攻擊民間團體的絕望之舉。馬來西亞前總理馬哈蒂爾曾多次警告，可能會發(fā)生由外國贊助的破壞穩(wěn)定的行動，目的在于對馬來西亞進行政權更迭--這一觀點遭到了凈選盟(干凈與公平選舉聯(lián)盟)成員等的普遍反對。(布城為馬來西亞新首府，譯者注)

　　隨著馬來西亞第13屆大選的臨近，有些人認為談論“外國陰謀”不過是老生常談，另外一些人則沒能掌握外國影響的深層機制，因此除了用手指著政敵外，毫無辦法。就在這時，美國軍方文件的泄露為深入透析潛在的針對馬來西亞的“外國陰謀”提供了寶貴的參考。

　　《TC 18-01特種部隊非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)》(TC 18-01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE)發(fā)布在美國軍隊的官方網(wǎng)站上，只有美國政府的授權官員才能查看(目前已經(jīng)可以獲取泄露文件的副本)。[1]該文件意義重大，因為它給出了華盛頓“非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)”及其策略實施的詳細步驟。這份手冊闡明了美國實施對外政策免受任何處罰，旨在非法干涉他國內(nèi)政，目的是破壞政權穩(wěn)定和建立新秩序，以進一步擴張美國的經(jīng)濟利益。克里斯托夫•萊曼博士(Dr。 Christof Lehmann)是這樣描述這份手冊的：

　　“……(這是一份)指導美國如何一步步創(chuàng)造、操縱、指派以及利用他國的民眾、國內(nèi)特殊利益群體、國外政治流亡人士以及國內(nèi)外各種組織，進而顛覆政權的行動指南。首先，操縱異見者進行游行示威，使民眾分化成兩派，發(fā)動需要安全部隊采取行動的騷亂和武裝叛亂，接著通過新聞媒體展開心理戰(zhàn)，按照邏輯順序，借以人道主義和帶來‘民主’‘自由’的名義，一步一步將局勢推向全面戰(zhàn)爭。”[2]

　　上述非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)的目標國是那些一直不愿同美國在外交和經(jīng)濟利益上結(jié)盟的國家，以及那些地緣戰(zhàn)略位置優(yōu)越、自然資源豐富但并不怎么順從美國的國家。

　　這份手冊介紹了分階段進行的精心安排的隱蔽活動。首先，通過對異見新聞媒體組織提供經(jīng)費，從心理上影響目標國人群。接著，向目標國家進行滲透，為異見組織提供培訓和裝備，直到出現(xiàn)政權過渡，必要情況下，可以采用武力。

　　手冊為“保密”級別，并附有“銷毀通知”，原因是顯而易見的--里面揭露了美國外交政策赤裸裸的非法和暴虐的本質(zhì)，即通過支持叛亂組織，亦可稱“恐怖組織”(加強語氣)的手段：

　　“使用限制：只有在確保技術信息或行動計劃不會通過國際交換項目或以其他途徑自動散播的情況下，美國政府機構及其合約商才有權使用。該決定確立于2010年8月1日。如對該文件有其他請求，須咨詢美國陸軍約翰•肯尼迪特戰(zhàn)中心與學校(USAJFKSWCS)的指揮官，聯(lián)系人：AOJK-DTD-SF， 2175 Reilly Road， Stop A， Fort Bragg， NC 28310-5000。”

　　銷毀通知：采取任何手段銷毀文件，防止文件內(nèi)容泄露或文件碎片被重組。

　　在國外公開的限制(FD 6)：該手冊已通過開發(fā)人員的審核，以及美國陸軍約翰•肯尼迪特種作戰(zhàn)中心與學校(USAJFKSWCS)權威國外公開部門的審閱，只可根據(jù)個別具體情況向外國學生發(fā)行。

　　美國特種作戰(zhàn)司令部(USSOCOM)指揮官將非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)(UW)定義為各種通過指揮禁入?yún)^(qū)的秘密組織，輔助機構以及游擊隊，向目標國發(fā)起抵抗運動或暴動，以脅迫、分裂甚至顛覆一國政府或占領國的行動。美國發(fā)動非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)的意圖在于，通過發(fā)展和維持抵抗力量，乘機利用敵國的政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟以及心理弱點，完成美國的戰(zhàn)略目標。在可預見的未來，美軍將主要從事非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)。

　　敘利亞正在上演的沖突，以及2011年利比亞推翻穆阿邁爾•卡扎菲的動亂都是這份文件提出的模式得到成功運用的典范。在敘利亞和利比亞，美國組織如美國國家民主基金會等在資金上和輿論上支持反對派和人權組織。一旦兩國的抗議示威取得成效，關于暴力的報道便開始浮出水面，往往以類似狙擊手射擊的形式，瞄準的是安全部隊和平民。在利比亞，叛軍得到了西方國家的武裝支持，盡管報道已經(jīng)證實伊斯蘭圣戰(zhàn)士和極端組織是武裝抵抗的中心力量。結(jié)果，這些武裝激進分子真的顛覆了利比亞政府，此后，還卷入了種族大屠殺，以及近期在班加西發(fā)生的謀殺美駐利大使克里斯•史蒂文斯即其他四名美國人員的事件。[3]同樣的戰(zhàn)術還在敘利亞使用過。伊斯蘭圣戰(zhàn)組織從美國盟國如沙特阿拉伯和卡塔爾獲得武器裝備，據(jù)報道，還使用過恐怖主義戰(zhàn)略，如制造爆炸事件和庭外暗殺。[4][5]手冊中還介紹了“非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭的各個階段”，與美國在利比亞和敘利亞兩國采取的方案完全契合：

　　第一階段：準備

　　反對派和外國贊助商實施心理攻勢，將反對現(xiàn)行政府或占領國的群體團結(jié)起來，使其做好準備，接受美國的支持。

　　第二階段：初步接觸

　　美國政府(USG)機構協(xié)調(diào)流亡政府同盟或反對派領導層，提供其所需的美國支持。

　　第三階段：滲透

　　派出特種部隊滲入目標地區(qū)，與其基地建立聯(lián)系，并和反對派進行接觸。

　　第四階段：組織

　　特種部隊組織、訓練反對派骨干，并為其提供裝備，重點是發(fā)展秘密機構。

　　第五階段：積聚力量

　　特種部隊協(xié)助骨干發(fā)展影響力大的抵抗組織，可執(zhí)行少量戰(zhàn)斗行動，但重點仍是積聚力量。

　　第六階段：行動

　　非常規(guī)部隊執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)斗行動，直到與常規(guī)部隊結(jié)合或戰(zhàn)事平息。

　　第七階段：過渡

　　非常規(guī)部隊或收歸國家控制，或轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌Ｒ?guī)部隊，亦或遣散。

　　馬來西亞不是敘利亞和利比亞，他們的社會與政治體系及其反抗運動迥然不同，但這七個階段卻是可以比較的。即便如此，基本上可以確認的是，馬來西亞所發(fā)生的暴亂并非意在推動真正的民主制度，而在通過煽動社會動蕩，激起民眾情緒，逐步扶植一個有利于美國利益的國家政府。

　　如第一階段所述，“外國贊助商采取心理攻勢以團結(jié)反對現(xiàn)任政府的群體”，可以斷定的是，這第一步已經(jīng)嘗試過。凈選盟領導人安碧嘉(Ambiga Sreenevasan)很早之前就已承認，凈選盟接受了“外國贊助商”的資金贊助，這些贊助商是“美國全國國際事務民主學會”(NDI)和“紐約開放社會研究所”(OSI)。

　　此外，美國國家民主基金會(NED)每年向政治新聞網(wǎng)站《當今大馬》提供10萬美元(馬幣317260令吉)的資金贊助。《當今大馬》被認為是馬來西亞最支持反對派的新聞網(wǎng)站。該網(wǎng)站的首席執(zhí)行員詹德蘭(Premesh Chandran)，是開放社會基金會(OPF)的受贈人，并利用索羅斯資助的東南亞出版基金會(Soros-funded Southeast Asian Press Alliance， SEAPA)提供的10萬美元發(fā)起成立了該網(wǎng)站。美國國家民主基金會則向大馬人民之聲提供了9萬美元(馬幣285516令吉)的資助。[6]無論知情還是不知情，這些組織機構均因擁護備受爭議的政治主張，而獲得了來自美國大使館的資金支持。當然，發(fā)表異見的權利絕不應該被剝奪，盡管納吉布•拉扎克政府放松了言論控制，已開始拋棄馬哈蒂爾的管理模式，但是很多人仍然覺得這還不夠。

　　如果美國是在尋求非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭手冊中描述的政策，你就可以知道何以外國贊助的人權組織可視為是馬來西亞當局的威脅，無論他們宣揚的政治觀和價值觀是什么。顯然，馬來西亞當局擔心的是，由外國贊助的政治運動一旦得勢將帶來的暴力和暴動行為，就像在其他國家發(fā)生的那樣。不過馬來西亞還不至于發(fā)展到像敘利亞叛亂運動那樣的規(guī)模。但是，如果外國勢力繼續(xù)尋求“非常規(guī)戰(zhàn)”，那么，還認為馬來西亞不會發(fā)生類似2010年泰國出現(xiàn)的政治動蕩，就有點太輕率了。在大選期間可能出現(xiàn)政治動蕩或許才是當前政府尚未公開宣布的原因。

　　國際共和研究所(IRI)的負責人是美國參議院約翰•麥凱恩，他是美國和以色列軍國主義的狂熱支持者。國際共和研究所每年從美國國家民主基金會(NED)獲得802122美元(即2544670人民幣)贊助從事馬來西亞計劃。麥凱恩領導的國際共和研究所贊助了幾個美國支持下的民間組織(NGO)，特別是尋求“曝光選舉舞弊行為”的獨立選舉委員會GOLOS，通過贊助這些機構，該研究所在質(zhì)疑俄羅斯2011年總統(tǒng)選舉的有效性上起到了決定性作用。國際共和研究所的行為遭到了俄羅斯立法委員和觀察員團體的多方批評。俄羅斯觀察員協(xié)會(Russian Observer Association Civil Control)的行政長官喬杰•弗奧多羅夫(Georgy Fyodorov)指出：

　　“他們擁有明確的破壞穩(wěn)定的策略;先是小心翼翼地讓公眾聽到選舉舞弊的‘爆炸性’新聞。然后，媒體將大喜過望，記錄下隨后克里姆林宮的支持者和民族主義青年發(fā)生沖突、特警隊進行驅(qū)散的畫面。這樣的鏡頭將使民眾對俄羅斯大選殘存的信任感消失殆盡。”[7]

　　消除所有殘存的信任感，這就是一方企圖“采取心理攻勢來團結(jié)民眾一致反對現(xiàn)任政府”的主要目的。總統(tǒng)選舉被視為是一個契機，主要通過指控選舉制度不自由或不符合國際慣例，來挑戰(zhàn)政治候選人或政黨的合法性。就馬來西亞的情況來說，執(zhí)政當局已公開表示要做出更大努力來減少選舉舞弊行為，相關的工作已經(jīng)開始展開。指控馬來西亞的選舉制度不合法純屬電影的夸張手法，是邪惡的西方基金會編造的故事。理性的不滿是文明進步的主要動力，毫無疑問是非常寶貴的，飽含了公民的個人責任。但是，如果外國政府試圖利用他國國民的異見和不滿來實現(xiàn)本國的目標，將是對異見本身最大的玷污。

　　注：

　　[1] TC 18-01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE， US Army， 2010

　　[2] The Blueprint for the War Libya? NSNBC， February 21， 2012

　　[3] AU： Libya rebels killing black workers， CBS News， August 29， 2011

　　[4] Rebel Arms Flow Is Said to Benefit Jihadists in Syria， The New York Times， October 14， 2012

　　[5] Outgunned Syria rebels make shift to bombs， Reuters， April 30， 2012

　　[6] Pro-Israel groups rooting for the Opposition， The Mole， September 27， 2012

　　[7] Russian Press - Behind the Headlines， November 18， Ria Novosti， November 18， 2012

　　Nile Bowie is a Kuala Lumpur-based American writer and photographer for the Centre for Research on Globalization in Montreal， Canada。 He explores issues of terrorism， economics and geopolitics。

　　原文鏈接：

　　http：//www.globalresearch.ca/malaysia-victim-of-americas-irregular-warfare-ops/5312600

　　原文：

　　Malaysia： Victim of America`s “Irregular Warfare” Ops?

　　By Nile Bowie

　　Global Research， December 01， 2012

　　Region： Asia

　　Theme： Intelligence

　　The issue of civil society groups receiving foreign funding has been a major point of discussion in Malaysia during recent times， causing controversy and drawing criticism from activists to members of Parliament alike。

　　Some activists tend to view Putrajaya`s investigation into rights advocacy groups like SUARAM (a noted recipient of foreign funding) as a desperate attempt to stifle dissent and attack civil society。 Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad has repeatedly warned of a foreign-funded destabilization campaign aimed at regime change in Malaysia - a claim that has been generally dismissed by Bersih goers and the like。

　　With the nation`s 13th General Election looming， some see talk of “foreign plots” as tired rhetoric， while others fail to grasp the deeper machinations of foreign influence and do little more than finger pointing at political opponents。 In this instance， the pages of a leaked US military document provide valuable insight into the nature of “foreign plots” potentially aimed against Malaysia。

　　“TC 18-01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE” is listed on the US Army`s official website and can only be accessed by authorized officials within the American government (a leaked copy has been made available and can be viewed by clicking here)。 [1] The document is significant because it provides a step-by-step definition of Washington`s “irregular warfare” and unconventional warfare tactics。 The manual illustrates the sheer impunity with which the United States conducts its foreign policy， aimed at illegally interfering into the political affairs of foreign nations with an aim to destabilize and reorder them to further American economic interests; Dr。 Christof Lehmann describes the manual as：

　　“…a step by step guide of how to create， manipulate， co-opt and make use of a countries population， persons of special interest inside the country as well as expatriates， organizations inside as well as outside the country， towards a subversion。 Beginning with manipulating dissent into demonstrations， the polarization of a population， riots and armed insurgencies that require action by security forces， and psychological warfare by means of media， step by step， in logical sequence， towards a full scale war， based on humanitarian principles and the pretext of bringing democracy and freedom。” [2]

　　The targets of the above mentioned irregular warfare operations are those states that have been unwilling to align themselves with American diplomatic and economic interests or semi-compliant states that are strategically located and abundant in natural resources。

　　The manual describes meticulously orchestrated covert operations that are conducted in phases; beginning with psychologically influencing the target population through foreign-funded dissident news media organizations。 Subsequently， targeted nations are infiltrated to provide training and equipment to dissident groups， until a political transition is imposed， by force if necessary。

　　The manual is classified “Restricted” with a “Destruction Notice”， and for obvious reasons - its pages lay bare the illegal and brutal nature of US foreign policy by means of supporting insurgent groups that would otherwise be called “terrorist organizations” (emphasis added)：

　　“DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION： Distribution authorized to U。S。 Government agencies and their contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means。 This determination was made on 1 August 2010。 Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander， United States Army John F。 Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School， ATTN： AOJK-DTD-SF， 2175 Reilly Road， Stop A， Fort Bragg， NC 28310-5000。

　　DESTRUCTION NOTICE： Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document。

　　FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION (FD 6)： This publication has been reviewed by the product developers in coordination with the United States Army John F。 Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School foreign disclosure authority。 This product is releasable to students from foreign countries on a case-by-case basis only。

　　The Commander， United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)， defines [Unconventional Warfare] UW as activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce， disrupt， or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground， auxiliary， and guerrilla force in a denied area。 The intent of U。S。 [Unconventional Warfare] UW efforts is to exploit a hostile power`s political， military， economic， and psychological vulnerabilities by developing and sustaining resistance forces to accomplish U。S。 strategic objectives。 For the foreseeable future， U。S。 forces will predominantly engage in irregular warfare (IW) operations。”

　　The ongoing conflict in Syria and the unrest that overthrew Muammar Gaddafi in Libya in 2011 are examples of the model proposed by this document being successfully utilized。 In both countries， American organizations such as the National Endowment for Democracy and others both financially and rhetorically supported political opposition and activist groups。 When protests in those countries gained momentum， reports of violence surfaced， often in the form of sniper fire， targeting both security personnel and civilians。 In Libya， rebel groups were armed by Western nations despite confirmed reports of jihadist and extremist groups being the central component of the armed resistance。 As a result， these armed militants did indeed topple the Libyan government， and have since been involved in racially motivated mass killings and the recent murder of US Ambassador Chris Stevens and four other American personnel in Benghazi。 [3] The same tactics have been used in Syria， where jihadist groups have received weapons from US allies such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar， and have reportedly used terrorist tactics such as bomb making and extrajudicial assassinations。 [4] [5] The “Phases of Unconventional Warfare” are described in the manual and exactly match the US protocol undertaken in both Libya and Syria：

　　PHASE I： Preparation

　　Resistance and external sponsors conduct psychological preparation to unify population against established government or occupying power and prepare population to accept U。S。 support。

　　PHASE II： Initial Contact

　　USG [United States Government] agencies coordinate with allied government-in-exile or resistance leadership for desired U。S。 support。

　　PHASE III： Infiltration

　　SF [Special Forces] team infiltrates operational area， establishes communications with its base， and contacts resistance organization。

　　PHASE IV： Organization

　　SF [Special Forces] team organizes， trains， and equips resistance cadre。 Emphasis is on developing infrastructure。

　　PHASE V： Buildup

　　SF [Special Forces] team assist cadre with expansion into an effective resistance organization。 Limited combat operations may be conducted， but emphasis remains on development。

　　PHASE VI： Employment

　　UW [Unconventional Warfare] forces conduct combat operations until linkup with conventional forces or end hostilities。

　　PHASE VII： Transition

　　UW [Unconventional Warfare] forces revert to national control， shifting to regular forces or demobilizing。

　　Malaysia is not Syria or Libya; the social and political systems of these countries and their resistance movements are highly dissimilar and only so much can be taken from comparisons of this nature。 Even so， it is essentially confirmed that the agitation Malaysia has experienced is not intended to promote a genuine democratic framework; its purpose is the gradual installation of a national government that is friendly to American interests by coaxing social unrest and shaping popular sentiment。

　　Just as described in Phase 1， “external sponsors conduct psychological preparation to unify population against established government，” it can be gathered that this first step has already been attempted。 Bersih coalition leader Ambiga Sreenevasan has long admitted that her organization receives financial assistance from “external sponsors，” namely， the US-based National Democratic Institute (NDI) and Open Society Institute (OSI)。

　　The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) also annually provides ￥100,000 (RM 317,260) to political news website Malaysiakini， widely considered to be the nation`s most pro-opposition news outlet。 Premesh Chandran， Malaysiakini CEO， is a grantee of the Open Society Foundations and launched the news organization with a ￥100,000 grant from the Soros-funded Southeast Asian Press Alliance (SEAPA)。 NED also provides ￥90,000 (RM 285,516) to SUARAM。 [6] Knowingly， or unknowingly， these organizations have received financial support from the US Embassy due to the controversial political discourse they espouse。 Of course， the expression of dissent should never be denied， and although the Najib Razak administration has begun to move away from Mahathir`s administrative model by relaxing controls on expression， many still feel more can be done。

　　If the United States is pursuing the kind of policy described in the Unconventional Warfare manual， one can understand how foreign-funded rights advocacy groups may be perceived as threatening to Malaysian authorities， regardless of the politics and values they preach。 Ostensibly， Malaysian authorities are concerned about the violence and insurrectionary behavior that have accompanied foreign-funded political movements in other countries once momentum built around them。 Malaysia would not likely fall victim to an insurgency campaign anywhere near the scale seen in Syria。 However， it would be unwise to dismiss the possibility of seeing the kind of violence that took shape in Thailand during the political unrest of 2010 if foreign elements continue to pursue “irregular warfare。” The possibility of political instability coming to fruition during the general election period may factor into explaining why the current government has not yet declared them。

　　The International Republican Institute (IRI) is chaired by US Senator John McCain， an ardent supporter of American and Israeli militarism， and annually receives ￥802,122 (RM 2,544,670) from the NED for its Malaysian projects。 McCain`s IRI played a crucial role in casting doubt on the validity of Russia`s 2011 presidential elections by funding several US-backed NGOs， particularly GOLOS， an independent electoral commission seeking to “expose voting irregularities。” The conduct of the organization has generated widespread criticism from Russian lawmakers and observer groups。 Georgy Fyodorov， chief executive of Russian Observer Association Civil Control stated：

　　“They have a clear destabilizing tactic; they are carefully conditioning the public to hear some ‘breaking’ news of election fraud。 The media will have a field day taping the ensuing clashes between pro-Kremlin and nationalist youth being dispersed by special police。 This kind of footage would dilute any remaining trust in Russian elections。” [7]

　　To dilute any remaining trust - that is the principle objective when one attempts to “conduct psychological preparation to unify population against established government。” Elections are seen as an opportunity to challenge the legitimacy of a political candidate or party， primarily by accusing the electoral system of being unfree or somehow outside of international norms。 In the Malaysian context， ruling authorities have acknowledged that more could be done to reduce voting irregularities and have begun to work toward such ends。 To accuse Malaysia`s electoral system of being illegitimate is a cinematic exaggeration， a myth pushed by foul Western endowments and foundations。 Intelligent discontent is the mainspring of civilization， it is irrefutably valuable and channeling it comes with individual responsibilities。 When foreign governments attempt to harness other people`s dissent for their own objectives， it is the greatest attack on dissent itself。

　　Notes

　　[1] TC 18-01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE， US Army， 2010

　　[2] The Blueprint for the War Libya? NSNBC， February 21， 2012

　　[3] AU： Libya rebels killing black workers， CBS News， August 29， 2011

　　[4] Rebel Arms Flow Is Said to Benefit Jihadists in Syria， The New York Times， October 14， 2012

　　[5] Outgunned Syria rebels make shift to bombs， Reuters， April 30， 2012

　　[6] Pro-Israel groups rooting for the Opposition， The Mole， September 27， 2012

　　[7] Russian Press - Behind the Headlines， November 18， Ria Novosti， November 18， 2012

　　Nile Bowie is a Kuala Lumpur-based American writer and photographer for the Centre for Research on Globalization in Montreal， Canada. He explores issues of terrorism， economics and geopolitics。

　　(《環(huán)球視野globalview.cn》第510期)

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